Chapter 18 An Era of Reform 18.1 Introduction *Between about 1820 and 1850, American reformers...

Chapter 18 An Era of ReformChapter 18 An Era of Reform

18.1 Introduction

*Between about 1820 and 1850,

American reformers devoted

themselves to such causes as

ending slavery, promoting

women’s rights, and

improving education.

*As you will read in this chapter,

women not only participated in

these movements, but

emerged as powerful leaders.

18.1 Introduction

*Between about 1820 and 1850,

American reformers devoted

themselves to such causes as

ending slavery, promoting

women’s rights, and

improving education.

*As you will read in this chapter,

women not only participated in

these movements, but

emerged as powerful leaders.

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

18.2 The Spirit of Reform18.2 The Spirit of ReformThe Second Great Awakening*In the 1820’s and 1830’s, a revival ofreligious feeling sweeps across the nation.*Church leaders call this period the Second Great Awakening.*People gather in churches and big white tents to hear messages of hope.*The listeners pray, shout, and sing hymns.*Like the First Great Awakening during colonial days, this religious revival fires people up.*Preachers tell their flocks that everyone cangain forgiveness for their sins by doing good works.*They say Christians can build “heaven on Earth.”*This optimistic message attracts enthusiastic followers throughout the West and North, and givespeople a reason to work for the improvement of society and to actively oppose slavery.

Methodist Camp Meeting

The Second Great Awakening*In the 1820’s and 1830’s, a revival ofreligious feeling sweeps across the nation.*Church leaders call this period the Second Great Awakening.*People gather in churches and big white tents to hear messages of hope.*The listeners pray, shout, and sing hymns.*Like the First Great Awakening during colonial days, this religious revival fires people up.*Preachers tell their flocks that everyone cangain forgiveness for their sins by doing good works.*They say Christians can build “heaven on Earth.”*This optimistic message attracts enthusiastic followers throughout the West and North, and givespeople a reason to work for the improvement of society and to actively oppose slavery.

Methodist Camp Meeting





18.2 Continued…18.2 Continued…Optimistic Ideas

*Ralph Waldo Emerson leads the transcendentalism

movement. Followers believe that every human being has

unlimited potential, but to reach that they have to transcend

(go beyond) pure logical thinking and trust their emotions and intuition.

*Transcendentalists urge people to question society’s rules and institutions.

*One follower, Henry David Thoreau, captures this new feeling in his writings

that encourage people to “march to the beat a different drummer.”

Model Communities

*Some transcendentalist reformers try to create

perfect communities.

*Residents of these communities try to live in

“brotherly love” and share the labor of supporting

themselves by farming, teaching, and making

clothes.

*While most of these communities last only a few

years, they are a powerful expression of the belief

that people of good will can create an ideal society.

Optimistic Ideas

*Ralph Waldo Emerson leads the transcendentalism

movement. Followers believe that every human being has

unlimited potential, but to reach that they have to transcend

(go beyond) pure logical thinking and trust their emotions and intuition.

*Transcendentalists urge people to question society’s rules and institutions.

*One follower, Henry David Thoreau, captures this new feeling in his writings

that encourage people to “march to the beat a different drummer.”

Model Communities

*Some transcendentalist reformers try to create

perfect communities.

*Residents of these communities try to live in

“brotherly love” and share the labor of supporting

themselves by farming, teaching, and making

clothes.

*While most of these communities last only a few

years, they are a powerful expression of the belief

that people of good will can create an ideal society.





2nd Great Awakening

H.D. Thoreau

Test PrepTest PrepThe Second Great Awakening was a:

A) Period of new scientific thinking.

B) Disease that caused sleeplessness.

C) Campaign for public education.

D) Religious revival movement.

Answer: D) Religious revival movement.

Test PrepTest PrepOne effect of the Second Great Awakening was to:

A) Increase prejudice against sinners.

B) Encourage people to move west.

C) Bring out the vote for Andrew Jackson.

D) Inspire reformers to improve society.

Answer: D) Inspire reformers to improve society.

18.3 Reforming the Treatment of Prisonersand the Mentally Ill

18.3 Reforming the Treatment of Prisonersand the Mentally Ill

*Debtors are put in prison, often for owing less than $20;children are put in prison for minor crimes, and many inmates are bound in chains and locked in cages.The Plight of the Mentally Ill*Most people who are judged to be insane are locked away in dirty, crowded prison cells. They are whipped for misbehavior.*Dorothea Dix from Massachusetts becomes a tirelesscrusader for prisoners and the treatment of the mentally ill.Campaigning for Better Conditions*For two years, Dix gathers information about the plight of the mentally ill, then sheprepares a detailed report for the Massachusetts state legislature.*Shocked by the report, law makers vote to create public asylums for the mentally ill.*Dix creates reports for other states, prompting those states to also create specialmental hospitals.*By the time she dies in 1887, most state governments no longer put debtors in prison,create special justice systems for children in trouble, and outlaw cruel punishment, suchas branding people with hot irons. She shows that with enough courage, reformers canlead society to make significant changes.

*Debtors are put in prison, often for owing less than $20;children are put in prison for minor crimes, and many inmates are bound in chains and locked in cages.The Plight of the Mentally Ill*Most people who are judged to be insane are locked away in dirty, crowded prison cells. They are whipped for misbehavior.*Dorothea Dix from Massachusetts becomes a tirelesscrusader for prisoners and the treatment of the mentally ill.Campaigning for Better Conditions*For two years, Dix gathers information about the plight of the mentally ill, then sheprepares a detailed report for the Massachusetts state legislature.*Shocked by the report, law makers vote to create public asylums for the mentally ill.*Dix creates reports for other states, prompting those states to also create specialmental hospitals.*By the time she dies in 1887, most state governments no longer put debtors in prison,create special justice systems for children in trouble, and outlaw cruel punishment, suchas branding people with hot irons. She shows that with enough courage, reformers canlead society to make significant changes.



Dorthea Dix

18.4 Improving Education18.4 Improving Education*Horace Mann leads a second reform movement

in the 1800’s to make education available to

more children.

The Need for Public Schools

*In the 1800’s few areas other than

Massachusetts have public schools.

*Wealthy parents send their children to private schools or hire tutors.

*On the frontier, children might attend a part-time, one-room school. Most

children simply do not go to school.

*In cities, some poor children steal, destroy property, and set fires.

*Reformers believe that education will help these children escape poverty and

become good citizens.

*New York sets up public elementary schools in every town as early as the

1820’s.

*Horace Mann leads a second reform movement

in the 1800’s to make education available to

more children.

The Need for Public Schools

*In the 1800’s few areas other than

Massachusetts have public schools.

*Wealthy parents send their children to private schools or hire tutors.

*On the frontier, children might attend a part-time, one-room school. Most

children simply do not go to school.

*In cities, some poor children steal, destroy property, and set fires.

*Reformers believe that education will help these children escape poverty and

become good citizens.

*New York sets up public elementary schools in every town as early as the

1820’s.



18.4 Continued…18.4 Continued…*Meanwhile, in Massachusetts, Horace Mann

becomes the state’s supervisor of education.

*In towns and villages, he speaks out on the

need for public education.

*Citizens in Massachusetts respond by voting

to pay taxes to build better schools, pay

teachers better salaries, and establish training

schools for teachers.

An Unfinished Reform

*By 1850, many states in the North and West use Mann’s ideas.

Soon, most white children, especially boys, attend public schools.

*But America still does not offer education to everyone.

*Most high schools and colleges do not admit girls.

*States as far north as Illinois pass laws to keep African Americans out of

public schools.

*Meanwhile, in Massachusetts, Horace Mann

becomes the state’s supervisor of education.

*In towns and villages, he speaks out on the

need for public education.

*Citizens in Massachusetts respond by voting

to pay taxes to build better schools, pay

teachers better salaries, and establish training

schools for teachers.

An Unfinished Reform

*By 1850, many states in the North and West use Mann’s ideas.

Soon, most white children, especially boys, attend public schools.

*But America still does not offer education to everyone.

*Most high schools and colleges do not admit girls.

*States as far north as Illinois pass laws to keep African Americans out of

public schools.



Public Education

Test PrepTest PrepWhich group benefited most from early efforts to establishpublic schools?

A) African American boys.

B) African American girls.

C) European American boys.

D) European American girls.

Answer: C) European American boys.

18.4 Continued…18.4 Continued…*When towns do allow African Americansto attend school, most make them go toseparate schools that receive less money.*In the South, few girls and no African Americans can attend public schools.*Education for girls and women does makesome progress. *In 1837, Ohio’s Oberlin College becomes the first college to admit women. Oberlin students of the late 1850’s

*African Americans have few options.*Prudence Crandall from Connecticut starts an all African American school. But enragedwhites throw stones at the school and jail Crandall. She is forced to close her schoolafter two years.*Horace Mann becomes the first president of Antioch College in Ohio and urges hisstudents to become involved in improving society.“Be ashamed to die,” he says, “until you have won some victory for humanity.”

*When towns do allow African Americansto attend school, most make them go toseparate schools that receive less money.*In the South, few girls and no African Americans can attend public schools.*Education for girls and women does makesome progress. *In 1837, Ohio’s Oberlin College becomes the first college to admit women. Oberlin students of the late 1850’s

*African Americans have few options.*Prudence Crandall from Connecticut starts an all African American school. But enragedwhites throw stones at the school and jail Crandall. She is forced to close her schoolafter two years.*Horace Mann becomes the first president of Antioch College in Ohio and urges hisstudents to become involved in improving society.“Be ashamed to die,” he says, “until you have won some victory for humanity.”



Prudence Crandall

Test PrepTest PrepBefore the reform movement led by Horace Mann:

A) Few women had the right to vote.

B) Most children did not attend school.

C) Debtors were often thrown in jail.

D) Sinners did not expect to be forgiven.

Answer: B) Most children did not attend school.

18.5 Fighting Slavery18.5 Fighting Slavery*By the 1830’s people called abolitionists

are asking the question: How can America,

the “land of the free,” still allow slavery?

The Struggle Begins

*In 1776, Quakers stop owning slaves.

*By 1792, every state as far south as Virginia

has anti-slavery societies.

*Once the slave trade ends in 1808, northern

shipping communities have no more interest in

slaves. Still, northern factory owners like the

cheap cotton that the South provides.

*Although slavery ends in the North in the 1800’s, many northerners still accept

southern slavery.

*By the 1830’s people called abolitionists

are asking the question: How can America,

the “land of the free,” still allow slavery?

The Struggle Begins

*In 1776, Quakers stop owning slaves.

*By 1792, every state as far south as Virginia

has anti-slavery societies.

*Once the slave trade ends in 1808, northern

shipping communities have no more interest in

slaves. Still, northern factory owners like the

cheap cotton that the South provides.

*Although slavery ends in the North in the 1800’s, many northerners still accept

southern slavery.



18.5 Continued…18.5 Continued…*Abolitionists want to end slavery.

*Radicals try to inspire slaves to rise up in revolt.

*Others want to find a peaceful way to end slavery.

*Moderates want to give slaveholders time to

develop farming methods that don’t rely on slave

labor.

*Blacks and whites work together and separately to

end slavery.

*In 1831 William Lloyd Garrison starts an abolitionist

newspaper, the Liberator.

*Garrison demands the immediate freeing of all slaves.

*Angry pro-slavery groups destroy Garrison’s printing press and burn his

house.

*Abolitionists want to end slavery.

*Radicals try to inspire slaves to rise up in revolt.

*Others want to find a peaceful way to end slavery.

*Moderates want to give slaveholders time to

develop farming methods that don’t rely on slave

labor.

*Blacks and whites work together and separately to

end slavery.

*In 1831 William Lloyd Garrison starts an abolitionist

newspaper, the Liberator.

*Garrison demands the immediate freeing of all slaves.

*Angry pro-slavery groups destroy Garrison’s printing press and burn his

house.



Test Prep.Test Prep.Americans who became abolitionists wanted to end:

A) Slavery.

B) Discrimination against women.

C) immigration.

D) Imprisonment for debt.

Answer: A) Slavery.

Test PrepTest PrepRadicals in the abolition movement:

A) Hoped to inspire slave revolts to end slavery.

B) Favored the gradual ending of slavery.

C) Sought a quick but peaceful end to slavery.

D) Did not care about slavery in the South.

Answer: A) Hoped to inspire slave revolts to end slavery.

18.5 Continued…18.5 Continued…Frederick Douglass Speaks Out

*Frederick Douglass is an escaped slave.

*He speaks to a meeting of abolitionists

about the cruel treatment of slave children.

*Douglass quickly becomes a leader in the

abolitionist movement.

*His autobiography (the story of his life)

becomes an instant best-seller.

*He starts his own paper, North Star.

Frederick Douglass Speaks Out

*Frederick Douglass is an escaped slave.

*He speaks to a meeting of abolitionists

about the cruel treatment of slave children.

*Douglass quickly becomes a leader in the

abolitionist movement.

*His autobiography (the story of his life)

becomes an instant best-seller.

*He starts his own paper, North Star.



Abolitionist Movement

Frederick Douglass

Test PrepTest PrepWhat motto did Frederick Douglass choose for his abolitionistnewspaper, the North Star?

A) “Be ashamed to die until you have won some victory.”

B) “I will be harsh as truth.”

C) “Right is of no sex, truth is of no color.”

D) “All men and women are created equal.”

Answer: C) “Right is of no sex, truth is of no color.”

18.5 Continued…18.5 Continued…Women Get Involved*Inspired by the religious reform movement,many women are inspired to become involvedin the fight against slavery.*Angelina and Sarah Grimke are raised in aSouth Carolina slave-holding family.*After moving North and becoming Quakers,they see slavery in a new way. Angelina and Sarah Grimke

*The two sisters begin speaking out against slavery.*The Grimkes lead the way for other women to speak in public life.*Some abolitionists, like Sojourner Truth, are former slaves.*After meeting Douglass and Garrison, she is inspired to speak out againstslavery. A strongly spiritual person, Truth argues that God will end slaverypeacefully.*Abolitionists’ efforts help change northerners’ attitudes toward slavery.*the anti-slavery fight helps pave the way for the next great reform movement,the struggle for women’s rights.

Women Get Involved*Inspired by the religious reform movement,many women are inspired to become involvedin the fight against slavery.*Angelina and Sarah Grimke are raised in aSouth Carolina slave-holding family.*After moving North and becoming Quakers,they see slavery in a new way. Angelina and Sarah Grimke

*The two sisters begin speaking out against slavery.*The Grimkes lead the way for other women to speak in public life.*Some abolitionists, like Sojourner Truth, are former slaves.*After meeting Douglass and Garrison, she is inspired to speak out againstslavery. A strongly spiritual person, Truth argues that God will end slaverypeacefully.*Abolitionists’ efforts help change northerners’ attitudes toward slavery.*the anti-slavery fight helps pave the way for the next great reform movement,the struggle for women’s rights.



Grimke sisters

Test PrepTest PrepAngelina and Sarah Grimke led the way for other women to:

A) Gain admission to colleges.

B) Work for the same pay as men.

C) Vote and hold public office.

D) Speak out in public on issues.

Answer: D) Speak out in public on issues.

18.6 Equal Rights for Women18.6 Equal Rights for WomenThe Struggle Begins

*The organized movement for women’s rights

is sparked by the friendship between Lucretia

Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

*They meet at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. Elizabeth Stanton and Lucretia Mott

*They are outraged to find out that women are not allowed to speak at the

meeting.

*Women are only allowed to sit in the balcony behind a curtain.

*The two women decide that something has to be done about the injustices

suffered by women.

The Struggle Begins

*The organized movement for women’s rights

is sparked by the friendship between Lucretia

Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

*They meet at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. Elizabeth Stanton and Lucretia Mott

*They are outraged to find out that women are not allowed to speak at the

meeting.

*Women are only allowed to sit in the balcony behind a curtain.

*The two women decide that something has to be done about the injustices

suffered by women.



18.6 Continued…18.6 Continued…Unequal Treatment of Women

*Some examples of unequal treatment:

-Lucy Stone of Oberlin College is invited to

write a graduation speech but is not allowed

to give it. Instead, a man delivers the speech.

-Elizabeth Blackwell is rejected by 29 medical

schools before finally being accepted by one.

She graduates at the top of her class, but no

hospitals or doctors will work with her.

*By the time Elizabeth Cady Stanton and

Lucretia Mott leave London, they decide to

hold a convention and form a society to

advocate for the rights of women.

Unequal Treatment of Women

*Some examples of unequal treatment:

-Lucy Stone of Oberlin College is invited to

write a graduation speech but is not allowed

to give it. Instead, a man delivers the speech.

-Elizabeth Blackwell is rejected by 29 medical

schools before finally being accepted by one.

She graduates at the top of her class, but no

hospitals or doctors will work with her.

*By the time Elizabeth Cady Stanton and

Lucretia Mott leave London, they decide to

hold a convention and form a society to

advocate for the rights of women.





18.7 The Seneca Falls Convention and the Declaration of Sentiments

18.7 The Seneca Falls Convention and the Declaration of Sentiments

*Eight years pass before Stanton and Mott decide to send a notice to the local newspaperannouncing a convention in Seneca Falls, NewYork. The Declaration of Sentiments*July 19, 1848, around 300 abolitionists, Quakers,and reformers arrive for the convention.*The convention organizers model their proposal for women’s rights, the Declaration of Sentiments,on the Declaration of Independence.*The new declaration lists acts of tyranny by menover women:-Women do not have the right to vote.-Women have no property rights, even to their own wages.-Women are not allowed to practice professions like medicine and law.*Stanton’s first speech at the convention is the Declaration of Sentiments.

*Eight years pass before Stanton and Mott decide to send a notice to the local newspaperannouncing a convention in Seneca Falls, NewYork. The Declaration of Sentiments*July 19, 1848, around 300 abolitionists, Quakers,and reformers arrive for the convention.*The convention organizers model their proposal for women’s rights, the Declaration of Sentiments,on the Declaration of Independence.*The new declaration lists acts of tyranny by menover women:-Women do not have the right to vote.-Women have no property rights, even to their own wages.-Women are not allowed to practice professions like medicine and law.*Stanton’s first speech at the convention is the Declaration of Sentiments.



18.7 Continued…18.7 Continued…Debate About the Right to Vote

*Stanton proposes that women

demand the right to vote.

*While some feel this step is too

big, Stanton receives powerful

support from Frederick Douglass.

*Douglass argues that everyone who

believes that black men should have

the right to vote must also favor giving black women, and all women, the right

to vote.

*Inspired by Douglass’s speech, the convention approves this resolution.

Debate About the Right to Vote

*Stanton proposes that women

demand the right to vote.

*While some feel this step is too

big, Stanton receives powerful

support from Frederick Douglass.

*Douglass argues that everyone who

believes that black men should have

the right to vote must also favor giving black women, and all women, the right

to vote.

*Inspired by Douglass’s speech, the convention approves this resolution.



18.7 Continued…18.7 Continued…The Legacy of Seneca Falls

*Helps create an organized campaign for

women’s rights.

*Sojourner Truth becomes an active

campaigner in the movement.

*Another reformer, Susan B. Anthony,

travels from town to town speaking for

women’s rights.

*Slowly, reformers for women’s rights make progress.

*New York gives women control over their own property and wages.

*Massachusetts and Indiana pass more liberal divorce laws.

*Elizabeth Blackwell starts her own hospital, including a medical school to train

other female doctors.

*Of all the women who sign the Declaration of Sentiments, only Charlotte

Woodward will live long enough to legally vote for president.

The Legacy of Seneca Falls

*Helps create an organized campaign for

women’s rights.

*Sojourner Truth becomes an active

campaigner in the movement.

*Another reformer, Susan B. Anthony,

travels from town to town speaking for

women’s rights.

*Slowly, reformers for women’s rights make progress.

*New York gives women control over their own property and wages.

*Massachusetts and Indiana pass more liberal divorce laws.

*Elizabeth Blackwell starts her own hospital, including a medical school to train

other female doctors.

*Of all the women who sign the Declaration of Sentiments, only Charlotte

Woodward will live long enough to legally vote for president.



Sojourner Truth Susan B. Anthony

Test PrepTest PrepThe Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments was modeledon the:

A) Monroe Doctrine.

B) Declaration of Independence.

C) Bill of Rights.

D) Missouri Compromise.

Answer: B) Declaration of Independence.

18.8 Chapter Summary18.8 Chapter Summary*Many reformers were inspired by the Second Great Awakening, which taught

Christians to perform good works in order to be saved.

*Others were inspired by transcendentalists writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson and

Henry David Thoreau.

*Dorothea Dix pioneered the reform of prisons and the treatment of the mentally ill.

*Horace Mann leads the movement to make education freely available to all.

*Abolitionists braved violent opposition as they worked to end slavery.

*The abolitionists campaign helped spark the struggle for women’s rights.

*The Seneca Falls Convention was the start of the organized movement for women’s

rights.

*These reform movements had their greatest effect in the North.

*In the next chapter, you will learn about the growing differences between the North and

the South.

*Many reformers were inspired by the Second Great Awakening, which taught

Christians to perform good works in order to be saved.

*Others were inspired by transcendentalists writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson and

Henry David Thoreau.

*Dorothea Dix pioneered the reform of prisons and the treatment of the mentally ill.

*Horace Mann leads the movement to make education freely available to all.

*Abolitionists braved violent opposition as they worked to end slavery.

*The abolitionists campaign helped spark the struggle for women’s rights.

*The Seneca Falls Convention was the start of the organized movement for women’s

rights.

*These reform movements had their greatest effect in the North.

*In the next chapter, you will learn about the growing differences between the North and

the South.

Chapter 18 An Era of Reform 18.1 Introduction *Between about 1820 and 1850, American reformers...

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 18 An Era of Reform 18.1 Introduction *Between about 1820 and 1850, American reformers...