Asymmetric Organocatalysis By Chiral Br ø nsted Acids : Focus on Chiral Phosphoric Acids
Chapter 18 – Acid-Base Equilibria 18.1 – Acids and Bases in Water 18.2 – Autoionization of...
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Transcript of Chapter 18 – Acid-Base Equilibria 18.1 – Acids and Bases in Water 18.2 – Autoionization of...
Chapter 18 – Acid-Base Equilibria
• 18.1 – Acids and Bases in Water• 18.2 – Autoionization of Water and the pH Scale• 18.3 – Proton Transfer and the Brønsted-Lowry Acid-
Base Definition• 18.4 – Solving Problems Involving Weak-Acid Equilibria• 18.5 – Weak Bases and Their Relation to Weak Acids• 18.6 – Molecular Properties and Acid Strength• 18.7 – Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions• 18.8 – Generalizing the Brønsted-Lowry Concept: The
Leveling Effect• 18.9 – Electron-Pair Donation and the Lewis Acid-Base
Definition1
18.1 – Acids and Bases in Water
2
18.1 – Acids and Bases in Water
3
Strong acid: HA(g or l) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + A-(aq)
Weak acid: HA(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + A-(aq)
Zn with 1M HCl(aq)
vs. 1M CH3COOH(aq)
18.1 – Acids and Bases in Water
4
ACID
STR
ENG
TH
18.1 – Acids and Bases in Water
5
SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.1:
SOLUTION:
Classifying Acid and Base Strength from the Chemical Formula
PROBLEM: Classify each of the following compounds as a strong acid, weak acid, strong base, or weak base.
(a) H2SeO4 (b) (CH3)2CHCOOH (c) KOH (d) (CH3)2CHNH2
PLAN: Pay attention to the text definitions of acids and bases. Look at O for acids as well as the -COOH group; watch for amine groups and cations in bases.
(a) Strong acid - H2SeO4 - the number of O atoms exceeds the number of ionizable protons by 2.
(b) Weak acid - (CH3)2CHCOOH is an organic acid having a -COOH group.
(c) Strong base - KOH is a Group 1A(1) hydroxide.
(d) Weak base - (CH3)2CHNH2 has a lone pair of electrons on the N and is an amine.
18.2 – Autoionization of Water and the pH Scale
6
H2O(l) H2O(l) H3O+(aq) OH-(aq)
+ +
18.2 – Autoionization of Water and the pH Scale
7
Kc = [H3O+][OH-]
[H2O]2
Kc[H2O]2 = [H3O+][OH-]
The Ion-Product Constant for Water, Kw:
Kw =
A change in [H3O+] causes an inverse change in [OH-], and vice versa.
= 1.0 x 10-14 at 25 C
H2O(l) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq)
in an acidic solution, [H3O+] > [OH-]
in a basic solution, [H3O+] < [OH-]
in a neutral solution, [H3O+] = [OH-]
18.2 – Autoionization of Water and the pH Scale
8
[H3O+] [OH-]Divide into Kw
ACIDIC SOLUTION
BASIC SOLUTION
[H3O+] > [OH-] [H3O+] = [OH-] [H3O+] < [OH-]
NEUTRAL SOLUTION
18.2 – Autoionization of Water and the pH Scale
9
SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.2: Calculating [H3O+] and [OH-] in an Aqueous
Solution
PROBLEM: A research chemist adds a measured amount of HCl gas to pure water at 25 °C and obtains a solution with [H3O+] = 3.0x10-4M. Calculate [OH-]. Is the solution neutral, acidic, or basic?
SOLUTION:
PLAN: Use the Kw at 250C and the [H3O+] to find the corresponding [OH-].
Kw = 1.0x10-14 = [H3O+] [OH-] so
[OH-] = Kw/ [H3O+] = 1.0x10-14/3.0x10-4 =
[H3O+] is > [OH-] and the solution is acidic.
3.3x10-11M
18.2 – Autoionization of Water and the pH Scale
• pH = -log [H3O+]• # of sig figs• pH of a neutral soln = 7.00• pH of an acidic soln < 7.00• pH of a basic soln > 7.00• 1 pH unit = 10x change• [H3O+] = 10-pH
• p-scales– pOH = -log [OH-]– pK = -log K
10
18.2 – Autoionization of Water and the pH Scale
11
Table 18.3 The Relationship Between Ka and pKa
Acid Name (Formula) Ka at 25 C pKa
Hydrogen sulfate ion (HSO4-) 1.02x10-2
Nitrous acid (HNO2)
Acetic acid (CH3COOH)
Hypobromous acid (HBrO)
Phenol (C6H5OH)
7.1x10-4
1.8x10-5
2.3x10-9
1.0x10-10
1.991
3.15
4.74
8.64
10.00
18.2 – Autoionization of Water and the pH Scale
12
18.2 – Autoionization of Water and the pH Scale
13
SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.3: Calculating [H3O+], pH, [OH-], and pOH
PROBLEM: In an art restoration project, a conservator prepares copper-plate etching solutions by diluting concentrated HNO3 to 2.0M, 0.30M, and 0.0063M HNO3. Calculate [H3O+], pH, [OH-], and pOH of the three solutions at 25 °C.
SOLUTION:
PLAN: HNO3 is a strong acid so [H3O+] = [HNO3]. Use Kw to find the [OH-] and then convert to pH and pOH.
For 2.0M HNO3, [H3O+] = 2.0M and -log [H3O+] = -0.30 = pH[OH-] = Kw/ [H3O+] = 1.0x10-14/2.0 = 5.0x10-15M; pOH = 14.30
[OH-] = Kw/ [H3O+] = 1.0x10-14/0.30 = 3.3x10-14M; pOH = 13.48
For 0.3M HNO3, [H3O+] = 0.30M and -log [H3O+] = 0.52 = pH
[OH-] = Kw/ [H3O+] = 1.0x10-14/6.3x10-3 = 1.6x10-12M; pOH = 11.80
For 0.0063M HNO3, [H3O+] = 0.0063M and -log [H3O+] = 2.20 = pH
18.3 – Proton Transfer and the Brønsted-Lowry Acid-Base Definition
14
(acid, H+ donor) (base, H+ acceptor)
HCl H2O
+
Cl- H3O+
+
Lone pair binds H+
(base, H+ acceptor) (acid, H+ donor)
NH3 H2O
+
NH4+ OH-
+
Lone pair binds H+
18.3 – Proton Transfer and the Brønsted-Lowry Acid-Base Definition
15
Table 18.4 The Conjugate Pairs in Some Acid-Base Reactions
Base Acid+Acid Base+
Conjugate Pair
Conjugate Pair
Reaction 4 H2PO4- OH-+
Reaction 5 H2SO4 N2H5++
Reaction 6 HPO42- SO3
2-+
Reaction 1 HF H2O+ F- H3O++
Reaction 3 NH4+ CO3
2-+
Reaction 2 HCOOH CN-+ HCOO- HCN+
NH3 HCO3-+
HPO42- H2O+
HSO4- N2H6
2++
PO43- HSO3
-+
18.3 – Proton Transfer and the Brønsted-Lowry Acid-Base Definition
16
SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.4: Identifying Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
PROBLEM: The following reactions are important environmental processes. Identify the conjugate acid-base pairs.
(a) H2PO4-(aq) + CO3
2-(aq) HPO42-(aq) + HCO3
-(aq)
(b) H2O(l) + SO32-(aq) OH-(aq) + HSO3
-(aq)
SOLUTION:
PLAN: Identify proton donors (acids) and proton acceptors (bases).
(a) H2PO4-(aq) + CO3
2-(aq) HPO42-(aq) + HCO3
-(aq)
proton donor
proton acceptor
proton acceptor
proton donor
conjugate pair1conjugate pair2
(b) H2O(l) + SO32-(aq) OH-(aq) + HSO3
-(aq)
conjugate pair2conjugate pair1
proton donor
proton acceptor
proton acceptor
proton donor
18.3 – Proton Transfer and the Brønsted-Lowry Acid-Base Definition
17
18.3 – Proton Transfer and the Brønsted-Lowry Acid-Base Definition
18
SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.5: Predicting the Net Direction of an Acid-Base Reaction
PROBLEM: Predict the net direction and whether Ka is greater or less than 1 for each of the following reactions (assume equal initial concentrations of all species):
(b) H2O(l) + HS-(aq) OH-(aq) + H2S(aq)
(a) H2PO4-(aq) + NH3(aq) HPO4
2-(aq) + NH4+(aq)
SOLUTION:
PLAN: Identify the conjugate acid-base pairs and then consult Figure 18.10 to determine the relative strength of each. The stronger the species, the more preponderant its conjugate.
(a) H2PO4-(aq) + NH3(aq) HPO4
2-(aq) + NH4+(aq)
stronger acid weaker acidstronger base weaker base
Net direction is to the right with Kc > 1.
(b) H2O(l) + HS-(aq) OH-(aq) + H2S(aq)
stronger baseweaker base stronger acid
weaker acid
Net direction is to the left with Kc < 1.
18.4 – Solving Problems Involving Weak-Acid Equilibria
19
SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.6: Finding the Ka of a Weak Acid from the pH of
Its Solution
PROBLEM: Phenylacetic acid (C6H5CH2COOH, simplified here as HPAc) builds up in the blood of persons with phenylketonuria, an inherited disorder that, if untreated, causes mental retardation and death. A study of the acid shows that the pH of 0.13M HPAc is 2.62. What is the Ka of phenylacetic acid?
PLAN: Write out the dissociation equation. Use pH and solution concentration to find the Ka.
Ka =[H3O+][PAc-]
[HPAc]
Assumptions: With a pH of 2.62, the [H3O+]HPAc >> [H3O+]water.
[PAc-] ≈ [H3O+]; since HPAc is weak, [HPAc]initial ≈ [HPAc]initial - [HPAc]dissociation
SOLUTION: HPAc(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + PAc-(aq)
18.4 – Solving Problems Involving Weak-Acid Equilibria
20
SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.6: Finding the Ka of a Weak Acid from the pH of
Its Solutioncontinued
Concentration(M) HPAc(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + PAc-(aq)
Initial 0.12 - 1x10-7 0
Change --x +x +x
Equilibrium -0.12-x xx +(<1x10-7)
[H3O+] = 10-pH = 2.4x10-3 M which is >> 10-7 (the [H3O+] from water)
x ≈ 2.4x10-3 M ≈ [H3O+] ≈ [PAc-] [HPAc]equilibrium = 0.12-x ≈ 0.12 M
So Ka =(2.4x10-3) (2.4x10-3)
0.12= 4.8 x 10-5
Be sure to check for % error. = 4x10-3 %
x100[HPAc]dissn;
2.4x10-3M0.12M
[H3O+]from water; 1x10-7M
2.4x10-3Mx100
= 2.0 %
18.4 – Solving Problems Involving Weak-Acid Equilibria
21
SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.7: Determining Concentrations from Ka and
Initial [HA]
PROBLEM: Propanoic acid (CH3CH2COOH, which we simplify and HPr) is an organic acid whose salts are used to retard mold growth in foods. What is the [H3O+] of 0.10M HPr (Ka = 1.3x10-5)?
SOLUTION:
PLAN: Write out the dissociation equation and expression; make whatever assumptions about concentration which are necessary; substitute.
x = [HPr]diss = [H3O+]from HPr= [Pr-]
Assumptions: For HPr(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + Pr-(aq)
Ka = [H3O+][Pr-]
[HPr]
HPr(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + Pr-(aq)Concentration(M)
Initial 0.10 - 0 0
Change --x +x +x
Equilibrium -0.10-x xx
Since Ka is small, we will assume that x << 0.10
18.4 – Solving Problems Involving Weak-Acid Equilibria
22
SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.7: Determining Concentrations from Ka and
Initial [HA]
continued
(x)(x)
0.101.3x10-5 =
[H3O+][Pr-]
[HPr]=
x (0.10)(1.3x10 5) = 1.1x10-3 M = [H3O+]
Check: [HPr]diss = 1.1x10-3M/0.10 M x 100 = 1.1%
18.4 – Solving Problems Involving Weak-Acid Equilibria
23
18.4 – Solving Problems Involving Weak-Acid Equilibria
24
Polyprotic acids
acids with more than more ionizable proton
H3PO4(aq) + H2O(l) H2PO4-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
H2PO4-(aq) + H2O(l) HPO4
2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
HPO42-(aq) + H2O(l) PO4
3-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Ka1 =[H3O+][H2PO4
-]
[H3PO4]
Ka2 =[H3O+][HPO4
2-]
[H2PO4-]
Ka3 =[H3O+][PO4
3-]
[HPO42-]
Ka1 > Ka2 > Ka3
= 7.2x10-3
= 6.3x10-8
= 4.2x10-13
18.4 – Solving Problems Involving Weak-Acid Equilibria
25
ACID
STR
ENG
TH
18.4 – Solving Problems Involving Weak-Acid Equilibria
26
SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.8: Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations for a Polyprotic Acid
PROBLEM: Ascorbic acid (H2C6H6O6; H2Asc for this problem), known as vitamin C, is a diprotic acid (Ka1 = 1.0x10-5 and Ka2 = 5x10-12) found in citrus fruit. Calculate [H2Asc], [HAsc-], [Asc2-], and the pH of 0.050M H2Asc.
SOLUTION:
PLAN: Write out expressions for both dissociations and make assumptions.
Ka1 >> Ka2 so the first dissociation produces virtually all of the H3O+.
Ka1 is small so [H2Asc]initial ≈ [H2Asc]diss
After finding the concentrations of various species for the first dissociation, we can use them as initial concentrations for the second dissociation.
Ka1 = [HAsc-][H3O+]
[H2Asc]= 1.0x10-5
Ka2 = [Asc2-][H3O+]
[HAsc-]= 5x10-12
H2Asc(aq) + H2O(l) HAsc-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
HAsc-(aq) + H2O(l) Asc2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
18.4 – Solving Problems Involving Weak-Acid Equilibria
27
- x - + x + x
continued
H2Asc(aq) + H2O(l) HAsc-(aq) + H3O+(aq)Concentration(M)
Initial 0.050 - 0 0
Equilibrium 0.050 - x - x x
Ka1 = [HAsc-][H3O+]/[H2Asc] = 1.0x10-5 = (x)(x)/0.050 M
pH = -log(7.1x10-4) = 3.15
7.1x10-4M - 0 0
Change - x - + x + x
7.1x10-4 - x - x xEquilibrium
Change
Initial
(0.050)(1.0x10 5)x x = 7.1x10-4 M
HAsc-(aq) + H2O(l) Asc2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)Concentration(M)
(7.4x10 5)(5x10 12)x = 6x10-8 M
18.5 – Weak Bases and Their Relation to Weak Acids
28
BASE
STR
ENG
TH
Kb =[BH+][OH-]
[B]
18.5 – Weak Bases and Their Relation to Weak Acids
29
+
CH3NH3+ OH-
methylammonium ion
+
CH3NH2 H2O
methylamine
Lone pair binds H+
18.5 – Weak Bases and Their Relation to Weak Acids
30
SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.9: Determining pH from Kb and Initial [B]
PROBLEM: Dimethylamine, (CH3)2NH, a key intermediate in detergent manufacture, has a Kb of 5.9x10-4. What is the pH of 1.5M (CH3)2NH?
SOLUTION:
PLAN: Perform this calculation as you did those for acids. Keep in mind that you are working with Kb and a base.
(CH3)2NH(aq) + H2O(l) (CH3)2NH2+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Assumptions:
[(CH3)2NH2+] = [OH-] = x ; [(CH3)2NH2
+] - x ≈ [(CH3)2NH]initial
Kb >> Kw so [OH-]from water is neglible
Initial 1.50M 0 0-
Change - x - + x + x
Equilibrium 1.50 - x - x x
(CH3)2NH(aq) + H2O(l) (CH3)2NH2+(aq) + OH-(aq)Concentration
18.5 – Weak Bases and Their Relation to Weak Acids
31
Kb = 5.9x10-4 = [(CH3)2NH2
+][OH-]
[(CH3)2NH]
5.9x10-4 = (x) (x)
1.5Mx = 3.0x10-2M = [OH-]
Check assumption: 3.0x10-2M/1.5M x 100 = 2%
[H3O+] = Kw/[OH-] = 1.0x10-14/3.0x10-2 = 3.3x10-13M
pH = -log 3.3x10-13 = 12.48
18.5 – Weak Bases and Their Relation to Weak Acids
32
SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.10: Determining the pH of a Solution of A-
PROBLEM: Sodium acetate (CH3COONa, or NaAc for this problem) has applications in photographic development and textile dyeing. What is the pH of 0.25M NaAc? Ka of acetic acid (HAc) is 1.8x10-5.
SOLUTION:
PLAN: Sodium salts are soluble in water so [Ac-] = 0.25M.
Write the association equation for acetic acid; use the Ka to find the Kb.
Initial 0.25M - 0 0
Change -x +x +x-
Equilibrium -0.25M-x x x
Ac-(aq) + H2O(l) HAc(aq) + OH-(aq)Concentration
Kb = [HAc][OH-]
[Ac-]=
Kw
Ka
= 5.6x10-10MKb = 1.0x10-14
1.8x10-5
18.5 – Weak Bases and Their Relation to Weak Acids
33
Kb = [HAc][OH-]
[Ac-]
[Ac-] = 0.25M-x ≈ 0.25M
5.6x10-10 = x2/0.25M
x = 1.2x10-5M = [OH-]
Check assumption: 1.2x10-5M/0.25M x 100 = 4.8x10-3 %
[H3O+] = Kw/[OH-] = 1.0x10-14/1.2x10-5 = 8.3x10-10M
pH = -log 8.3x10-10M = 9.08
18.6 – Molecular Properties and Acid Strength
34
6A(16)
H2O
H2S
H2Se
H2Te
7A(17)
HF
HCl
HBr
HI
Electronegativity increases, acidity increases
Bond
str
engt
h de
crea
ses,
ac
idity
incr
ease
s
Figure 18.12 The effect of atomic and molecular properties on nonmetal hydride acidity.
18.6 – Molecular Properties and Acid Strength
35
H O I H O Br H O Cl> >
H O Cl
O
O
O<<
Figure 18.13 The relative strengths of oxoacids.
H O Cl
18.6 – Molecular Properties and Acid Strength
36
Table 18.7 Ka Values of Some Hydrated Metal Ions at 250C
Free Ion Hydrated Ion Ka
Fe3+ Fe(H2O)63+(aq) 6 x 10-3
Sn2+ Sn(H2O)62+(aq) 4 x 10-4
Cr3+ Cr(H2O)63+(aq) 1 x 10-4
Al3+ Al(H2O)63+(aq) 1 x 10-5
Cu2+ Cu(H2O)62+(aq) 3 x 10-8
Pb2+ Pb(H2O)62+(aq) 3 x 10-8
Zn2+ Zn(H2O)62+(aq) 1 x 10-9
Co2+ Co(H2O)62+(aq) 2 x 10-10
Ni2+ Ni(H2O)62+(aq) 1 x 10-10
ACID
STR
ENG
TH
18.6 – Molecular Properties and Acid Strength
37
Al(H2O)5OH2+Al(H2O)63+
Figure 18.13 The acidic behavior of the hydrated Al3+ ion.
H2O H3O+
Electron density drawn toward Al3+
Nearby H2O acts as base
18.7 – Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions
38
18.7 – Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions
39
SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.11: Predicting Relative Acidity of Salt Solutions
PROBLEM: Predict whether aqueous solutions of the following are acidic, basic, or neutral, and write an equation for the reaction of any ion with water:
(a) Potassium perchlorate, KClO4 (b) Sodium benzoate, C6H5COONa
(c) Chromium trichloride, CrCl3 (d) Sodium hydrogen sulfate, NaHSO4
SOLUTION:
PLAN: Consider the acid-base nature of the anions and cations. Strong acid-strong base combinations produce a neutral solution; strong acid-weak base, acidic; weak acid-strong base, basic.
(a) The ions are K+ and ClO4- , both of which come from a strong
base(KOH) and a strong acid(HClO4). Therefore the solution will be neutral.(b) Na+ comes from the strong base NaOH while C6H5COO- is the anion of a weak organic acid. The salt solution will be basic.(c) Cr3+ is a small cation with a large + charge, so it’s hydrated form will react with water to produce H3O+. Cl- comes from the strong acid HCl. Acidic solution.
(d) Na+ comes from a strong base. HSO4- can react with water to form H3O+.
So the salt solution will be acidic.
18.7 – Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions
40
SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.12: Predicting the Relative Acidity of Salt Solutions from Ka and Kb of the Ions
PROBLEM: Determine whether an aqueous solution of zinc formate, Zn(HCOO)2, is acidic, basic, or neutral.
SOLUTION:
PLAN: Both Zn2+ and HCOO- come from weak conjugates. In order to find the relatively acidity, write out the dissociation reactions and use the information in Tables 18.2 and 18.7.
Ka Zn(H2O)62+ = 1x10-9
Ka HCOO- = 1.8x10-4 ; Kb = Kw/Ka = 1.0x10-14/1.8x10-4 = 5.6x10-11
Ka for Zn(H2O)62+ >>> Kb HCOO-, therefore the solution is acidic.
Zn(H2O)62+(aq) + H2O(l) Zn(H2O)5OH+(aq) + H3O+(aq)
HCOO-(aq) + H2O(l) HCOOH(aq) + OH-(aq)
18.9 – Electron-Pair Donation and the Lewis Acid-Base Definition
41
F
B
F F
H
N
H H
+
F
B
F F
H
N
H H
acid base adduct
An acid is an electron-pair acceptor.
A base is an electron-pair donor.
M2+
H2O(l)
M(H2O)42+(aq)
adduct
18.9 – Electron-Pair Donation and the Lewis Acid-Base Definition
42
Figure 18.15
The Mg2+ ion as a Lewis acid in the chlorophyll molecule.
18.9 – Electron-Pair Donation and the Lewis Acid-Base Definition
43
SAMPLE PROBLEM 18.13: Identifying Lewis Acids and Bases
PROBLEM: Identify the Lewis acids and Lewis bases in the following reactions:
(a) H+ + OH- H2O
(b) Cl- + BCl3 BCl4-
(c) K+ + 6H2O K(H2O)6+
SOLUTION:
PLAN: Look for electron pair acceptors (acids) and donors (bases).
(a) H+ + OH- H2Oacceptor
donor
(b) Cl- + BCl3 BCl4-
donor
acceptor
(c) K+ + 6H2O K(H2O)6+
acceptor
donor