Chapter 18: A Revolution in ScienceSection: 1 The Scientific Revolution

Lady IceWorld History

Period: 5

A. Revolutionary Thinking

• Main Idea: Astronomers challenged the teachings of ancient philosophers and of church leaders.

A. Revolutionary Thinking– The Old View

• In the middle ages, most European thinkers accepted the traditional view of the universe, based on the ideas of Aristotle and early writers.

• When philosophers of the middle ages studied nature, they accepted things as they seemed.

• Humanists( meaning a person having a strong interest in or concern for human welfare, values, and dignity) turned to the writings of ancient philosophers, and leaders of the Reformation ( protestants) looked to the Bible and writings of early Christians.

A. Revolutionary Thinking

– Nicolas Copernicus and Watchers of the Stars• Nicolas was a Polish scholar who had studied the

writings of the ancients and spent much of his time observing the stars.• Most scholars rejected Copernicus, writings.• According to Copernicus, the sun stood at the center of

the universe.

A. Revolutionary Thinking

– Galileo Galilei• The idea of a sun-centered

solar system was supported strongly by Galileo Galilei who was born in 1564.

• Galileo was interested in determining the laws that govern the movement of physical objects in space.

• When Galileo wrote about his findings in the early 1600s, he made many people angry.

B. A New Scientific Method

• Main Idea: Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes helped develop the scientific method.

B. A new Scientific Method

– Champions of the New Science• Two philosophers who had a

huge Influence on the scientific revolution were Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes.

• Bacon was interested in solid facts.

• Descartes, on the other hand, believed that nature and philosophy should be studied by mathematical analysis.

B. A New scientific Method– The Methods of Science

• The ideas of Bacon and Descartes helped create a new approach to science, an approach that is still used today.

• Scientists shared careful observations of the world around them and studied the observations of others.

• They then tested the Hypothesis (Meaning a Proposition, or set of propositions) to see if it explained their observations.

C. Science Continues to Advance

• Main Idea: Scientists gained more support from monarchs and made new discoveries.

C. Science Continues to Advance– Isaac Newton

• Isaac Newton, a brilliant mathematician, was the first person to explain the laws of force and motion that operate in the universe.

• Newton is also one of the people credited with inventing the branch of mathematics called calculus.

• Newton’s greatest discovery was the law of gravity.

C. Science Continues to Advance– Other Discoveries

• Once scientists began to use accurate observation and measurement as the basis that make up their work, they made great progress.

• Chemists began to study the gases that make up the air.

• Advances in technology also assisted advances in science.

CHAPTER 18 A REVOLUTION IN SCIENCE

SECTION 2:THE ENLIGHTENMENT By: Star

World history 5th

A. Political, Economic, and Social Thought

A. philosophers used the reason of science

to change the way people thought about such topics as human

behavior, government, and

economics.

A. Political, Economic, and Social Thought

A. The Search for Natural Law The chaos the Reformation and the

wars of religion shook beliefs that had been accepted by society throughout the Middle Ages.

Natural Law the conditions that govern humans behavior. Problems of society could be solved through

reasoning.

Not everyone agreed with the emphasis on scientific reasoning.

Many of them still used the old order.

A. Political, Economic, and Social Thought

• Enlightenment Thinkers– England’s Thomas Hobbes is one of the first

philosophers who search for the natural laws of government. Social Contract a social contract is an agreement to give up individual freedom to live in an organized society that provides safety and security.

– In 1689, Locke published his book Two Treatises of Government. His ideas did not agree with those of Hobbes. He thought that people posses natural rights of life, liberty, and property.

– Locked believed that the power to govern was given to a ruler by the people. He wrote that the people have the right to change the government. The duty of the governed became important to democracy in Europe and North America.

A. Political, Economic, and Social Thought

• New Views of the Economy• During this time, another group of thinkers

developed new ideas about economics. These thinkers argued for a policy of Laissez Faire- the practice of letting businesses run

without government intervention. • Adam Smith, a Scottish philosopher, was

influenced by this idea about economics. He published his best-known work, The

Wealth of Nations, in 1776.• Smith believed that Free Market Economy,

buying and selling of goods shouldn't be regulated, or controlled, by government in.

B. The Ideas of the Philosophes

B. In France, a group of enlightenment thinkers called Philosophes tried to improve society through science and reason.

B. The Ideas of the Philosophes

• Famous Philosophes• Voltaire is one of the leading PhilosophesHe eagerly studied the ideas of Newton andLocke. He began to write about natural lawsof government and the rights of all peopleof France.• The Baron de Montesquieu furtherinfluenced political thought, especiallythrough his harsh criticism of France'sabsolute monarchy. • Jean- Jacques Rousseau was anotherFrench Philosophe whose ideas becomegreat influences. He believed that humanbeings were born good but were spoiledby society.

B. The Ideas of the Philosophes

• The Encyclopedie• The pholosophe Denis Diderot did a lot tospread the ideas of the Enlightenment.

• As these ideas become more widely knownand accepted, Diderot decided to bring them alltogether in one collection.

• All the writings were put together in theEncyclopedie. The work filled with 35 volumes.Articles contained in it encouraged freedom ofexpression, urged education for all, and criticizedslavery and religion. The Encyclopedie was oneof the greatest achievements of theEnlightenment.

C. The Enlightenment and Society

C. Ideas of the Enlightenment influenced society, government,

and the arts.

C. The Enlightenment and Society

• The Enlightenment Salons • Frequently they gathered in

salons, rooms in the private homes of the rich. Salon gathering

began in the1600s. By the 1700s, even people in the middle class were holding such gathering

Literature, the arts, science, and philosophy were regular topics of discussion in salons.

C. The Enlightenment and Society

• The Enlightenment Salons • The philosophes believed in freedom and

equality, but only for men. By the mid-1700s, inspired by the new idea of the Enlightenment, some women began

protesting for rights equal to those of men. These women included Mary

Wollstonecraft in Great Britain. • Government and Church officials tried to

prevent the spread of new ideas. They practiced censorship, or restricting access to

ideas and information.

C. The Enlightenment and Society

• Enlightened Despots• These Enlightened despots

included Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, and Joseph II of Austria.

• Catherine the Great established some schools and made limited political reforms.

• Joseph II granted toleration to Protestants and Jews in is Roman Catholic empire and ended censorship.

C. The Enlightenment and Society

HANDEL WAS ONE OF THE GREAT COMPOSERS OF BAROQUE MUSIC.

Arts and Culture Art forms continued to develop and

change during the Age of Reason. Patrons, people who hired artists to create works of art for them, often funded artists and writers.

The styles of the Renaissance gave way to the baroque, the ornate art style of the 1600s.Baroque paintings were large, colorful, and full of excitement.

Baroque buildings were huge and ornately decorated. Baroque music was deeply expressive, and its greatest composers were Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel.