Chapter 18 © 2013 - Iwan Fauzi, M.A.. 1. Factors affecting your approach 2. Strategies for your...

© 2013 - Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

Factors & Strategies of Teaching Reading for EFL

Chapter 18


1. Factors affecting your approach

2. Strategies for your students to comprehend texts

What to consider:


Factors

Bottom-up & top-down

processing

Schema theory &

BG knowledge

Affective & culture

Extensive reading

Adult literacy

Factors affecting your approach:


Nuttal (1996) illustrated both as follows;

What bottom-up & top-down processing in reading

An eagle views a landscape below

A scientist with his magnifying glass examining all minutes detail of some phenomenon


Bottom-up [data driven]

Readers first recognize linguistic signals and, then in short, use their linguistic data-procesing mecha-nisms to make some sense to cohere the “meaning”

Top-down [concept driven]

Readers draw on their own intelligence and experience to understand a text.


What schema theory & background knowledge

Readers understand what they read because they are able to take the stimulus its graphic representation and assign it to an appropriate group of concepts already stored in memory.

A text cannot by itself carry meaning. Readers bring information, knowledge, emotion, experience, and culture to the printed word.


Affective

• Reading is subjected to variability of affective domain. The “love” of reading has propelled many learners to successful acquisition of reading skills.

Culture

• Instead of affective factors, people accustomed by literacy also determine the success of second language readers.

What affective & culture


Why extensive reading (ER)

ER means to read by free voluntary; it is reading for

pleasure and students read as many books as they can. They usually choose what they want to read and in

their level.

ER enhances language learning in such as spelling, vocabulary, grammar, text

structure; increases knowledge; improves

reading & writing skills; more positive attitude.


To teach a non-literate person that mostly an adult is a challenging task for teaching literacy.

In adult literacy training, what are sometimes referred to as “skills-based” and “strategies-based” approaches are also used.

How adult literacy training


Skimming Scanning Semantic mapping Guessing Vocabulary analysis Literal and implied meaning Discourse markers relationship

Strategies for your students:


Nitrogen fixation is a process by which nitrogen is continuously fed into biological circulation. In this process, certain algae and bacteria convert nitrogen into ammonia (NH3). This newly-created ammonia is then for the most part absorbed by plants.

The opposite process of denitrification returns nitrogen to the air. During the process of denitrification, bacteria cause some of the nitrates from the soil to convert into gaseous nitrogen or nitrous oxide (N2O). In this gaseous form, the nitrogen returns to the atmosphere.

Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?a. The Process of Nitrogen Fixation c. The Return of Nitrogen to the Airb. Two Nitrogen Processes d. The Effect of Nitrogen on Plant Life

1. SkimmingSkimming means quickly running one’s eyes across a whole text for its gist.


Williamsburg is a historic city in Virginia that was settled by English colonists in 1633, twenty-six years after the first permanent English colony in America was settled at Jamestown. In the beginning, the colony at Williamsburg was named Middle Plantation because of its location in the middle of a peninsula between two rivers, the York and the James. The site for Williamsburg had been selected by the colonists because the soil drainage was better there than at the Jamestown location, and there were fewer mosquitoes.

According to the passage, the colonists chose Williamsburg because ...a. it was in Englandc. there were lots of mosquitoesb. there were no nearby rivers d. the soil drained well

2. ScanningScanning means quickly searching for some particular piece or pieces of information in a text.


Semantic mapping is a strategy that activates and builds on a student's prior knowledge.

3. Semantic mapping


Teacher supplies the category labels and students list each word under the appropriate category.


The American flag is the end product of long evolution. The first flag of US consisted of thirteen red and white stripes representing the number of American colonies. It also included the British Cross of St. George and Cross of St. Andrew. It could be considered rather ironic that these symbols of British rule were included on the American flag.The word “ironic” could most easily be replaced by

a. steellike c. unexpectedb. normal d. nationalistic

4. Guessing [reasonably accurate]

Help your students fill gaps in their competence by intelligent attempts to use whatever clues are available to them.


This is to analyze words in terms of what you know about them (by looking for affixes, roots, grammatical contexts, & the semantic context)

5. Vocabulary analysis

In government election, the incumbent generally has a strong advantage over a newcomer. A person who is already in office and thus has a certain degree of prominence has a better chance of being elected than does someone who is unknown to the electorate.The “incumbent” in line 1 is most likely:a. a special type of election c. a beneficial commentb. a political party d. a current office-holder


Literal meaning means the information is “stated”, but implied meaning means the information is “unstated”.

6. Literal & implied meanings

Dekanawida’s role as a supreme lawgiver in the Iroquois tribe has given him the status of demigod within the Indian nation. Born into the Huron tribe, Dekanawida caused great fear in his parents, who tried to drown him in his youth after a prophecy was made indicating that he would bring great sorrow to the huron nation. Dekanawida was to survive this attempted drowning but later left his parents’ home and tribe to live among the Iroquois.

According to the passage, Dekanawida was nota. A lawmaker c. A near deityb. A Huron by birth d. drowned when he was young


Discourse markers in English signal relationships among ideas expressed through phrases, clauses, and sentences

7. Discourse markers relationship

Another myth of the oceans concerns Davy Jones, who in folklore is a mean-spirited sovereign of the ocean’s depths. The name “Jones” is thought by some etymologists to have been derived from the name “Jonah,” the Hebrew prophet who spent three days in a whale’s belly.

The paragraph preceeding this passage most probably discussesa. the youth of Davy Jonesb. Davy Jones’s career as a sailorc. a diferent traditional story from the sead. preparing to travel on the ocean


Thank you

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