Chapter 17.1 Pgs. 391-395Chapter 17.1 Pgs. 391-395

How did the North and the South How did the North and the South try to settle their differences?try to settle their differences?

DifferencesDifferences

Economies developed differently in 1800’sEconomies developed differently in 1800’sAgriculture was important in bothAgriculture was important in bothNorth more industry and commerceNorth more industry and commerceSouth plantation farmingSouth plantation farmingNorthern lots of cities which population Northern lots of cities which population

mostly came from immigrationmostly came from immigration

DifferencesDifferences

Immigrants and Easterners moved west Immigrants and Easterners moved west and built farms in the states formed from and built farms in the states formed from the NW Territorythe NW Territory

Most canals and RR ran East and WestMost canals and RR ran East and WestThis helped with the Eastern and This helped with the Eastern and

Midwestern states to develop strong ties Midwestern states to develop strong ties with each otherwith each other

DifferencesDifferences

South unlike north a few wealthy planters South unlike north a few wealthy planters controlled societycontrolled society

Made great profits from slave labor and Made great profits from slave labor and then trading the productsthen trading the products

Because plantations so profitable with Because plantations so profitable with cotton, owners invested in slavery not cotton, owners invested in slavery not industry like the Northindustry like the North

DifferencesDifferences

Many southerners were poor small Many southerners were poor small farmers who resented the powerful slave farmers who resented the powerful slave ownersowners

However, poor whites accepted slavery to However, poor whites accepted slavery to stay off the bottom of society stay off the bottom of society

DivisionsDivisions

Sectional tensions between the North and South Sectional tensions between the North and South had been building for many yearshad been building for many years

Slavery being the biggest issue of allSlavery being the biggest issue of all In the North there was the abolitionist In the North there was the abolitionist

movements throughout the 1830’s and 40’smovements throughout the 1830’s and 40’s Also in the North were the everyday workers and Also in the North were the everyday workers and

immigrants who opposed slavery for fear of immigrants who opposed slavery for fear of owners employing slaves for free rather than owners employing slaves for free rather than themthem

DifferencesDifferences

Most Northerners and abolitionists would Most Northerners and abolitionists would be considered racist by today’s standardsbe considered racist by today’s standards

Many whites refused to go to school with, Many whites refused to go to school with, work with, or live near African Americanswork with, or live near African Americans

While Northerners attacked slavery While Northerners attacked slavery Southerners defended itSoutherners defended it

Felt whites were superiorFelt whites were superiorFelt slavery helped slavesFelt slavery helped slaves

DifferencesDifferences

Southerners claimed slavery introduced Southerners claimed slavery introduced Christianity to slavesChristianity to slaves

Felt it provided them with food, clothing, Felt it provided them with food, clothing, sheltershelter

The slaveholders determination to defend The slaveholders determination to defend slavery and the northerners and slavery and the northerners and abolitionists continued attacks on slavery abolitionists continued attacks on slavery are what brought the North and South into are what brought the North and South into conflictconflict

Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise

After the Miss. Comp. was accepted in After the Miss. Comp. was accepted in 1820 political disagreements were thought 1820 political disagreements were thought to have been over about slaveryto have been over about slavery

The compromise settled the issue about The compromise settled the issue about slave and free states entering the unionslave and free states entering the union

As well, it settled the territory dispute in As well, it settled the territory dispute in the Louisiana Territory. North of 36-30 N the Louisiana Territory. North of 36-30 N parallel free, below slave.parallel free, below slave.

Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise

New disagreements arose with the New disagreements arose with the outbreak of the War with Mexico in 1846outbreak of the War with Mexico in 1846

Argued about the land won from Mexico if Argued about the land won from Mexico if it would be free or slaveit would be free or slave

South wanted slave, North wanted freeSouth wanted slave, North wanted freeTo settle the argument David Wilmot of To settle the argument David Wilmot of

Pennsylvania proposed a billPennsylvania proposed a bill

Wilmot ProvisoWilmot Proviso

Bill would outlaw slavery in any territory Bill would outlaw slavery in any territory the United States might acquire from the the United States might acquire from the War with MexicoWar with Mexico

Wilmot hated slaveryWilmot hated slaveryHis proposal came up over and over in His proposal came up over and over in

CongressCongressNever actually passedNever actually passedPassed in the HOR but not in the SenatePassed in the HOR but not in the Senate

Wilmot ProvisoWilmot Proviso

Northern representatives voted for it but the Northern representatives voted for it but the Southerners outvoted them the WP divided Southerners outvoted them the WP divided Congress along regional linesCongress along regional lines

Slaveholders believed Congress had no right to Slaveholders believed Congress had no right to deny them the right to have slavesdeny them the right to have slaves

They viewed slaves as property and they should They viewed slaves as property and they should be able to bring their property in to the new be able to bring their property in to the new territoryterritory

Claimed the Constitution gave equal protection Claimed the Constitution gave equal protection to the property rights of citizensto the property rights of citizens

Free-Soil PartyFree-Soil Party

The Wilmot Proviso led to the formation of The Wilmot Proviso led to the formation of the Free-Soil party after it failed again in the Free-Soil party after it failed again in 18481848

Political party was dedicated to stopping Political party was dedicated to stopping the expansion of slaverythe expansion of slavery

Comprised of northernersComprised of northernersParty’s slogan expressed it’s ideals—”Free Party’s slogan expressed it’s ideals—”Free

Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, and Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, and Free Men.”Men.”

Free-SoilersFree-Soilers

Won 13 seats in Congress in the election Won 13 seats in Congress in the election of 1848.of 1848.

Made slavery a key issue in national Made slavery a key issue in national politicspolitics

Urged Congress to give western settlers Urged Congress to give western settlers free homesteads --- land on which to settle free homesteads --- land on which to settle and build housesand build houses

Zachary TaylorZachary Taylor

1212thth President PresidentWhig Whig 1849-18501849-1850War time heroWar time heroOld Rough and ReadyOld Rough and ReadyKey event gold rushKey event gold rush

Question??Question??

What issues contributed to sectionalism in What issues contributed to sectionalism in the late 1840’s?the late 1840’s?

AnswerAnswer

The disagreement about slavery and the The disagreement about slavery and the North’s growing power in CongressNorth’s growing power in Congress

Controversy over TerritoriesControversy over Territories

Politicians could no longer ignore slaveryPoliticians could no longer ignore slaveryFree-Soilers’ success worried southernersFree-Soilers’ success worried southernersAlso worried about territoriesAlso worried about territories1848 - 30 states in union – ½ free, ½ slave1848 - 30 states in union – ½ free, ½ slaveEqual number of senators in CongressEqual number of senators in CongressHOR more antislavery reps due to the HOR more antislavery reps due to the

population growth in Northpopulation growth in North

TerritoriesTerritories

Southerners worried about being outvoted Southerners worried about being outvoted in HORin HOR

Also, possibly someday in the Senate Also, possibly someday in the Senate This was possible especially if new This was possible especially if new

territories in West became freeterritories in West became freeSoutherners did not want Congress Southerners did not want Congress

controlled by Northernerscontrolled by NorthernersWhy?Why?

TerritoriesTerritories

South feared North would end to slaverySouth feared North would end to slaveryFeared North would put high tariffs on Feared North would put high tariffs on

importsimportsThis would cause higher prices on clothing This would cause higher prices on clothing

furniture and finished goods from Europefurniture and finished goods from EuropeSoutherners needed a plan to halt Southerners needed a plan to halt

Western territories from becoming free Western territories from becoming free statesstates

CaliforniaCalifornia

With the discovery of gold, thousands With the discovery of gold, thousands rushed to Californiarushed to California

Soon would have enough to apply for Soon would have enough to apply for statehoodstatehood

Most residents wanted their state to be Most residents wanted their state to be freefree

This would shift balance of power in This would shift balance of power in CongressCongress

CaliforniaCalifornia

Southerners thought state should be Southerners thought state should be divideddivided

Top ½ free, bottom ½ slaveTop ½ free, bottom ½ slave1849 Pres. Taylor proposed California 1849 Pres. Taylor proposed California

submit a plan for statehood, without going submit a plan for statehood, without going through the territorial stagethrough the territorial stage

This would give southerners little time to This would give southerners little time to move to California with their slavesmove to California with their slaves

CaliforniaCalifornia

1850 – California applies for free state1850 – California applies for free state If admitted slave states would be the If admitted slave states would be the

minority in the Senateminority in the SenateJefferson Davis, senator from Mississippi, Jefferson Davis, senator from Mississippi,

warned, “For the first time, we are about warned, “For the first time, we are about permanently to destroy the balance of permanently to destroy the balance of power between the sections.”power between the sections.”

Southerners did not want to accept such a Southerners did not want to accept such a change, they might even leave the unionchange, they might even leave the union

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

Congress knew slavery issue would split Congress knew slavery issue would split the country, so they work to find a solutionthe country, so they work to find a solution

Senators Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, and Senators Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, and John C. Calhoun take the lead on the John C. Calhoun take the lead on the compromisecompromise

Webster/CalhounWebster/Calhoun

Webster, from Massachusetts, disliked slaveryWebster, from Massachusetts, disliked slavery However, he wanted to keep the country unitedHowever, he wanted to keep the country united Calhoun, South Carolina, all for states’ rightsCalhoun, South Carolina, all for states’ rights Urged southerners not to compromiseUrged southerners not to compromise Led the fight to extend slavery into the west Led the fight to extend slavery into the west

(Poor health, died in 1850 of tuberculosis, after (Poor health, died in 1850 of tuberculosis, after his death others were more willing to his death others were more willing to compromise)compromise)

ClayClay

Clay, from Kentucky, helped work out Clay, from Kentucky, helped work out Missouri Compromise in 1820Missouri Compromise in 1820

Made last effort to bring an understanding Made last effort to bring an understanding between the North and Southbetween the North and South

To please the North, Clay suggested To please the North, Clay suggested California be admitted as a free state, and California be admitted as a free state, and the slave trade would be abolished in the slave trade would be abolished in Washington D.C.Washington D.C.

ClayClay

To please the South, Congress would not To please the South, Congress would not pass laws regarding slavery for the rest of pass laws regarding slavery for the rest of the territories won from Mexico, and the territories won from Mexico, and Congress would pass a stronger law to Congress would pass a stronger law to help slaveholders recapture runaway help slaveholders recapture runaway slavesslaves

Many people on both sides, felt they had Many people on both sides, felt they had to give up to much in this plan. But, others to give up to much in this plan. But, others were tired of the regional bickering were tired of the regional bickering

Stephen A. DouglasStephen A. Douglas Clay gave over 70 speeches in favor of the compromiseClay gave over 70 speeches in favor of the compromise The job of winning passage of the plan fell to senator The job of winning passage of the plan fell to senator

Douglas of Illinois after Clay became to sick to continue Douglas of Illinois after Clay became to sick to continue promoting the compromisepromoting the compromise

Douglas was one of the more powerful members of Douglas was one of the more powerful members of CongressCongress

Did not agree with slavery but felt each territory should Did not agree with slavery but felt each territory should decide on their owndecide on their own

Big supporter of RailroadsBig supporter of Railroads By September Douglas had succeeded and the plan By September Douglas had succeeded and the plan

passed. Compromise of 1850 became a lawpassed. Compromise of 1850 became a law

CompromiseCompromise

Some celebrated and others did notSome celebrated and others did notPresident Taylor did not agreePresident Taylor did not agreeHowever, when he died and President However, when he died and President

Millard Fillmore took over, he did support itMillard Fillmore took over, he did support it

President FillmorePresident Fillmore

1313thth President President1850-18531850-18532 wives – 2 children with 12 wives – 2 children with 1stst

LawyerLawyerDied 1874Died 1874Key events – Compromise of 1850, Key events – Compromise of 1850,

California becoming stateCalifornia becoming state

Land DividedLand Divided

California becomes free stateCalifornia becomes free stateRemainder of Mexican Cession is dividedRemainder of Mexican Cession is dividedNew Mexico Territory and Utah TerritoryNew Mexico Territory and Utah TerritoryQuestion of slavery in these territories was Question of slavery in these territories was

left up to the people who live thereleft up to the people who live thereCompromise also set a firm boundary Compromise also set a firm boundary

between Texas and New Mexicobetween Texas and New Mexico

LandLand

Texas gave disputed land to New Mexico Texas gave disputed land to New Mexico and received in return $10 millionand received in return $10 million

The Compromise also forbade the sale of The Compromise also forbade the sale of slaves in the District of Columbia. (Slavery slaves in the District of Columbia. (Slavery could still continue there)could still continue there)

Congress agreed to pass a strict law Congress agreed to pass a strict law regarding fugitive –(runaway) slavesregarding fugitive –(runaway) slaves

QuestionQuestion

What were the terms of the Compromise What were the terms of the Compromise of 1850?of 1850?

AnswerAnswer

California free stateCalifornia free stateSlavery elsewhere in the West was up to Slavery elsewhere in the West was up to

the settlersthe settlersSlave trading banned in D. of C.Slave trading banned in D. of C.Fugitive Slave Law passedFugitive Slave Law passed

Fugitive Slave LawFugitive Slave Law

Stated people in free states had to help Stated people in free states had to help catch and return escaped slavescatch and return escaped slaves

Anyone caught aiding a runaway slave Anyone caught aiding a runaway slave could be jailed or fined heavily (fine was could be jailed or fined heavily (fine was $1,000)$1,000)

Northerners resisted this lawNortherners resisted this lawWith this law people accused of being With this law people accused of being

fugitives could be held without an arrest fugitives could be held without an arrest warrantwarrant

Slave LawSlave Law

Fugitives had no right to a jury trial instead a Fugitives had no right to a jury trial instead a federal commissioner ruled on each casefederal commissioner ruled on each case

Commissioner received $5 for releasing the Commissioner received $5 for releasing the defendant, and $10 for turning the defendant defendant, and $10 for turning the defendant over to a slaveholder (lured by the extra money over to a slaveholder (lured by the extra money some commissioners sent African Americans to some commissioners sent African Americans to the South whether they were runaways or not)the South whether they were runaways or not)

Southerners felt law was justified because they Southerners felt law was justified because they considered slaves propertyconsidered slaves property

Northerners resented law – Why?Northerners resented law – Why?

LawLaw

Northerners were required to help Northerners were required to help recapture runaway slavesrecapture runaway slaves

It placed fines on those who would not It placed fines on those who would not cooperate and jail those who helped cooperate and jail those who helped runawaysrunaways

Southern slave catchers also roamed the Southern slave catchers also roamed the North, sometimes capturing free African North, sometimes capturing free African AmericansAmericans

LawLaw

Northerners were torn whether to obey the law Northerners were torn whether to obey the law and go against everything they believe in or risk and go against everything they believe in or risk breaking the lawbreaking the law

Some were outraged by this law. Some gathered Some were outraged by this law. Some gathered in groups and tried to rescue fugitives from their in groups and tried to rescue fugitives from their captorscaptors

Congress really hoped the Compromise would Congress really hoped the Compromise would settle the slavery question foreversettle the slavery question forever

Lawmakers wanted no more angry debates that Lawmakers wanted no more angry debates that might endanger the nationmight endanger the nation

Question??Question??

Do you think the Compromise of 1850 was Do you think the Compromise of 1850 was fair to both sides? Why or Why Not?fair to both sides? Why or Why Not?

Tensions remained high because neither Tensions remained high because neither group got everything they wanted. group got everything they wanted. However, the North did win limits on However, the North did win limits on slavery while the South gained the slavery while the South gained the Fugitive Slave LawFugitive Slave Law