Chapter 17: The Enlightenment

Frederick the Great of Prussia examines the potato harvest

Who in his most influential work, Jerusalem (or Religious Power and Judaism) argued for both religious toleration and the importance of Jewish self-identification?

Barthélemy d’Herbert

Baruch Spinoza

Moses Mendelshon

Johann Joachim Winkelmann

Who wrote Essay on Criticism in 1709 which gave advice to writers on the new literary styles?Alexander Pope

Give three clichés found in Essay on Criticism?

Fools Rush in Where Angels Fear to Tread

To err is human, to forgive divine

A little learning is a dangerous thing; Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring

Voltaire said, Ecrasez l’infame (____________________). To whom or what was he referring?

The Prussian Court

Alexander Pope’s Essay on Criticism

The Roman Catholic Church

The Philosophes

Immanuel Kant

Crush the damned thing

The Philosophes strongly endorsed progress and tolerance; and distrusted organized religion. But what caused them to fade away?

The violence of the French Revolution

The Philosophes were never an organized group and often disagreed among themselves. But what was the name of the grand family to which they believed they belonged and which transcended political boundaries?

The Republic of Letters

High and Low Print Cultures created increasingly literate populations. As a result, what increasingly influential force came into existence by the mid eighteenth century?

Books and Pamphlets

Coffeehouses

Public Opinion

Deism

Enlightenment thinkers generally opposed

__________, were inspired by the scientific

revolution and believed that the same _________

that led to greater understanding in the physical

nature of the universe could also be used to

achieve similar growth in ___________________,

moral improvement, economic growth and

conduct of _____________________.

tradition

principles

material advancement

organized government

Who was a Dutch Jew who pioneered the secularization Judaism and who preached tolerance and benevolence?

Baruch Spinoza

Who described the origins of religion in naturalistic terms and taught that the Hebrew Bible provided the Jews with rules and regulations (legislation) but not theological knowledge. Baruch Spinoza

Who said that God is Nature and Nature is God?

Baruch Spinoza

What group of intellectuals held that a powerful god set the universe in motion and established natural laws to govern it but did not take a personal interest in its development or intervene in its affairs. ?

Muslims

Physiocrats

Enlightened Despots

Deists

Polygamists

What three factors are usually attributed to the rise of the Enlightenment?

First, the intellectual achievements and ideas of Sir Isaac Newton and __________;John Locke

Second, the example of British toleration and political stability;

Third, the emergence of a ___________.Print Culture

Who is considered the Father of Liberalism?

Isaac Newton

Edward Gibbon

Francis Bacon

John Toland

John Locke

In Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy ,

________ proved that ancient and medieval

scientific ideas were often incorrect and needed

to be __________. He also built the first practical

_________________ and was knighted by

Queen Anne in 1705. The bottom line was that his

emphasis on __________________ became a key

feature of Enlightenment thought.

Newton

challenged

reflecting telescope

concrete experience

What was the pen name of François-Marie Arouet who was a famous (perhaps the most famous) of the Philosophes?

Isaac Newton

Edward Gibbon

Francis Bacon

John Toland

Voltaire

What is the basis of John Locke’s Social Contract?The basis of the Social Contract is the relationship between individuals and government

Newton and Locke were natural philosophers. What is a natural philosopher?A natural philosopher is one who studies nature and the universe

Define Behaviorism.Human behavior can only be understood in what can be scientifically observed and described

Who in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding argued that the human mind at birth was a blank slate (tabula rasa – Latin for blank slate) which is filled (written on) during life through experience.

Edward Gibbon

Francis Bacon

John Toland

John Locke

Isaac Newton

What vision did Great Britain’s political stability and widespread toleration produce?A society that appeared to benefit most of its people

What is the basic premise of the Doctrine of Original Sin?That all people are flawed

What result did Great Britain’s example of political stability and general toleration produce?An enduring (stable) order in society, which produced economic prosperity, political stability and loyal citizens

The result of Gutenberg's printing press was that books

and pamphlets became __________ (common place),

____________ began to climb and new ideas began to

spread: humanistic, secular and personal. Without the

printing press, the fruits of the Renaissance would have

been stunted; the Protestant Reformation might have

taken a _____________________________, the

Counter Reformation ___________and the Scientific

Revolution delayed by centuries.

ubiquitous

literacy rates

much more conservative direction

unnecessary

As a result of the emergence of Print Culture and the replacement of Oral and ________ Cultures, what popular literary genre gained popularity?

Poetry

The Novel

The Classics

Religious Tracts

Scribal

With the emergence of Print Culture both aristocrats and the ____________were expected to be knowledgeable with popular books and secular ideas. Which two men published The Spectator whose purpose was to foster the value of polite conversation and encourage the reading of books?

Richard Steele

Alexander Pope

Immanuel Kant

Joseph Addison

middle class

Which two of the following became popular places where ideas and social values were discussed and debated ?

Churches

Coffeehouses

Masonic Lodges

Universities

Law Courts

What were successful authors of the Enlightenment wrote for monarchs, the nobility, the upper middle classes and professional groups called?High Culture authors

What were authors who were not able to write for upper society but who made a marginal living writing for whatever newspapers or journals that would pay for their efforts called?Low Culture authors

High and Low Print Cultures created increasingly literate populations. As a result, what increasingly influential force came into existence by the mid eighteenth century?

Books and Pamphlets

Coffeehouses

Public Opinion

Deism

What did David Hume believe was the greatest miracle in religion?

…that anyone believed in miracles at all

Who wrote Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire and argued that Christianity came into being and evolved not because of piety and the influence of miracles but because of natural causes and human achievements? Edward Gibbon

Who wrote a 1793 treatise that summed up the radical attack on religion, Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone? Immanuel Kant

The word philosophe comes from the French word for ____________. In fact however how can most Philosophes be correctly classified?

Scientists

Novelists

Poets

Intellectuals

Theologians

philosopher

What Latin phrase did the German philosopher Immanuel Kant use to describe the Enlightenment? Translate.Sapere aude; dare to think

What did Kant mean by the expression sapere aude, dare to think? Kant meant that the Philosophes should dare to have the courage to use their reasoning ability

Who was a leading figure of the Enlightenment and known as the Jewish (or German) Socrates?

Barthélemy d’Herbert

Baruch Spinoza

Cesare Beccaria

Johann Joachim Winkelmann

Moses Mendelsohn

For what purpose did Voltaire write Letters on the English (Lettres philosophiques sur les Anglais)?

Voltaire wanted to explain the climate of intellectual and ________tolerance he found in England along with the _____________________ and economic prosperity; but most of all, the _________ freedom he had not known in France.

How did the Parlement of Paris react to this book? And Voltaire?The Parlement of Paris had the book condemned and burned. Voltaire was harassed and fled to Cirey, a town near the still independent Lorraine.

religiousscientific achievements

political

Who wrote Turkish Embassy Letters which noted many of the good points about Ottoman society such as the wide use of vaccination against smallpox?

Barthélemy d’Herbert

George Sale

Voltaire

Mary Wortley

John Toland

What term is used for the incorporation of all forms of printed texts and printed visuals such as woodcuts?A Print Culture

What is genre?

A category or type of art or literature

What replaced (or is trying to replace) the printed word in the our current age?The Electronic Revolution

In 1755, a terrible earthquake struck Lisbon, killing 60,000 people. Voltaire wrote a dark poem, (Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne), for which he was criticized for his __________. What was his response?

Ecrasez l’infame

Candide

Letter Concerning Toleration

Pensées

Essay on Criticism

pessimism

What term is used for most Philosophes who, like Voltaire, agreed with Newton that, since nature was rational, God must also be rational ?Deists

Newton believed in God but most Deists believed in:god

What is the difference between God and god?

God implies a knowable (real, rational), personal God but god implies a real but impersonal god.

What is an alternate name for the Age of the Enlightenment?The Age of Reason

What group of people drove the Enlightenment?

The higher clergy

Intellectuals

Monarchs

The Bourgeoisie

What was the favorite simile of the Deists?A watchmaker

Who wrote Christianity not Mysterious?John Toland

What was Toland’s point?that divine revelation found in the Bible contained no real mysteries because they could be understood by the examination of nature and the use of _______. reason

Who associated Islamic society with a passivity (or political acquiescence) which he felt was the result of political repression and despotism?

Barthélemy d’Herbert

Edward Gibbon

John Toland

Mary Wortley

Baron de Montesquieu

Some Philosophes openly attacked the Church and its

clergy with great vehemence. The leader was ________

who hated of the ______________. In 1764, he finished

his _____________________ which really wasn’t a

dictionary, although its articles were arranged

alphabetically. In it, he used humor and sarcasm to

point out the inconsistencies in Biblical history and

immoral acts of many Biblical _______.

Voltaire

Catholic Church

Philosophical Dictionary

heroes

Who was the Scottish philosopher who wrote On Miracles in which he claimed that there was no empirical evidence for the miracles that were foundational to Christianity?

Jean Calas

David Hume

Edward Gibbon

Emile de Chatlet

Immanuel Kant

Who was the Huguenot merchant who had been viciously put to death, supposedly because he had murdered his son for wanting to convert to Catholicism?

Jean Calas

Who took up his case in his Treatise on Tolerance and eventually established Calas’ innocence?

Voltaire

Who wrote the play Nathan the Wise which was plea for religious tolerance?

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing

Who was the English poet (known for his satire and translation of Homer), who grew wealthy by showing other writers how to make a living by writing?

Alexander Pope

John Toland

Richard Steele

James Wolfe

Joseph Addison

Although Moses Mendelsohn was a practicing Orthodox Jew, his Enlightenment values have caused many historians to refer to him as the father of what?Reformed Judaism

Who, in his Pensées, illustrated European thought by stating that Islam was a false religion and that Muhammad was both an imposter and false prophet because he had performed no miracles.Blaise Pascal

Both François Quesnay and Pierre DuPont de Nemours were: Phisocrats

Who was the German Jew who was a pioneer for the assimilation of Jews into modern European life and was the model for Lessing’s Nathan the Wise?

Barthélemy d’Herbert

Baruch Spinoza

Cesare Beccaria

Johann Joachim Winkelmann

Moses Mendelsohn

What did Muhammedanism imply?…that Muhammad thought he was divine

Who was the English scholar who first translated the Quran into English? George Sale

Who wrote Oriental Library in 1697 ? Barthélemy d’Herbert

Who wrote A History of the Saracans? Simon Ockley

Into what two groups were the Enlightenment Philosophes divided as concerning Islam and the Muslim World? Hostile and tolerant

What historian wrote favorably about Muhammad’s leadership and Islam’s successes in conquering such a vast territory in its first century?

David Hume

Edward Gibbon

Edmund Burke

Sir Isaac Newton

John Toland

What French philosopher, art critic, and writer is best known as the as co-founder, chief editor and a contributor to the Encyclopedia (Encyclopédie). ?

François-Marie Arouet

Denis Diderot

Francois Boucher

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Julie de Lespinasse

Who argued - long before his time - that Islam was derived from early Christian writings and therefore was a form of Christianity?

Barthélemy d’Herbert

George Sale

Voltaire

Mary Wortley

John Toland