Chapter 17

Notes

Section 1 – First Steps Toward Reunion

• First Steps Toward Reunion• Help for Freedmen• Rival Plans for the South• A New President, A New Plan• Rebellion in Congress

First Steps Toward Reunion

• The South faced staggering problems after the war. Southern cities and farmlands lay in ruins, and a whole new way of life had ended.

• Nearly 4 million freedman – mean and women who had been slaves – now lived in the South. Most had no land, no jobs, and no education.

Help for Freedmen

• Freedmen’s Bureau• Provide food and clothing• Find jobs • Provide medical care• *Set up schools* Charlotte Forten, a wealthy African American from Philidelphia, devoted her life to help African Americans through education.

Rival Plans for the South

• One plan -• Reconstruction refers to the period when the

South was rebuilt, as well as to the federal government’s program to rebuild it.

• Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan, as it was called, a southern state could form a new government after ten percent of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States. The new government had to abolish slavery,

Rival Plans for the South

• Another plan• The Wade-Davis Bill required a majority of

white men in each southern state to swear loyalty to the Union. It also denied the right to vote or hold office to anyone who had volunteered to fight for the Confederacy.

A New President, A New Plan

• Vice President Andrew Johnson became President when Lincoln died.

• President Andrew Johnson remained loyal to the Union when Tennessee seceded.

• President Andrew Johnson’s plan for reconstruction was as mild as Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan. He dis demand that each state ratify the Thirteenth Amendment which banned slavery.

Rebellion in Congress

• Republicans in Congress were outraged. The men who led the South out of the Union were now being elected to the House and Senate.

• Nowhere in the South had African Americans been allowed to vote.

• Republicans refused to let southern representatives take their seats.

Section 1 Review• Identify : reconstruction, Lincoln’s Ten Percent

Plan, Wade-Davis Bill, Freedman’s Bureau, Charlotte Forten, Andrew Johnson, Thirteenth Amendment

• Define: Freedman• Name two problems the South faced after the

war.• What did the Freedmen’s Bureau do?• Why did Republicans refuse to seat the South’s

representatives?

Section 2 – Congress Takes Charge

• A New Kind of Bondage in the South• The North Reacts• The President and the Congress Clash• Showdown• Grant Becomes President• The Fifteenth Amendment

A New Kind of Bondage in the South

• Southern legislatures passed black codes, laws that severely limited the rights of freedman.

a) Not allowed to voteb) Not allowed to own gunsc) Not allowed to serve on a juryd) Allowed to legally marrye) Allowed to own some property

The North Reacts

• Radical Republicans led the opposition to President Andrew Jackson.

1) Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania led the Radicals in the House.

2) Charles Sumner of Massachusetts led the Radicals in the Senate.

• The goal of Radicals was to break the power of rich planters and to ensure that freedmen could vote.

The President and the Congress Clash

• The Fourteenth Amendment granted citizenship to all persons born in the United States.

• In addition, the fourteenth Amendment provided that any state that denied African Americans the right to vote would have its representation in Congress reduced.

The Radical Program

• Congress passed the first Reconstruction Act over Johnson’s veto.

• Congress’s Reconstruction Act threw out the southern state governments that had refused to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment – all former Confederate states except Tennessee.

• The Reconstruction Act also divided the South into five military districts.

Showdown

• The House of Representatives voted to impeach President Johnson.

• In the end, the Senate vote was 35 to 19. This was just one vote short of the two-thirds majority needed to remove Johnson.

Grant Becomes President

• In 1868 Republicans nominated General Ulysses S. Grant as their candidate for President.

• Grant was THE GREATEST UNION HERO in the Civil War.

• About 700,000 freedmen went to the polls and nearly all cast their vote for Grant.

The Fifteenth Amendment

• In 1869, the Fifteenth Amendment forbade any state from denying African Americans the right to vote.

Section 2 Review

• Identify- Radical Republicans, Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, Fourteenth Amendment, Radical Reconstruction, Reconstruction Act, Fifteenth Amendment

• Define: black codes• How did southern legislatures limit the rights of

freedmen?• Describe the Reconstruction plan adopted by Congress in

1867.• Why did Republicans impeach Johnson? What was the

result?

Section 3 - The Reconstructive South

• Forces in Southern Politics• White Southerners Fight Back• The Difficult Task of Rebuilding• A Cycle of Poverty

Forces in Southern Politics

• White southern Republicans were called scalawags, a word used for small scruffy horses, by southerners.

• Northerners who moved South after the Civil War were called carpetbaggers by southerners.

• Blanche K. Bruce was the first African American to serve a full term in the Senate. Hiram Revels served for Mississippi also.

White Southerners Fight Back

• These white southerners were known as Conservatives.

• These white southern Conservatives were only willing to let African Americans vote and hold offices as long as real power remained in the hands of the whites.

• Secret societies were formed by white southerners. The Ku Kluz Klan, KKK, worked to keep freedmen and white Republicans out of office. They used violence

The Difficult Task of Rebuilding

• Reconstructive governments tried to rebuild the South.

1) They built public schools for both black and white children.

2) Many states gave women the right to own property.

3) They rebuilt railroads, telegraph lines, bridges, and roads.

• Corruption was widespread.

A Cycle of Poverty

• Sharecroppers farmed the planters’ land, using seed, fertilizer, and tools that the planters provided. In return they gave the landowners a share of the crop at harvest.

• Farmers, landowners/planters, received supplies on credit from the store owner. At harvest the farmers had to repay the store owner. Debts were often unpaid. Land lost.

Section 3 Review

• Identify: Blanche K. Bruce, Hiram Revels, Conservatives, KKK

• Define: scalawag, carpetbagger, sharecropper• What role did African Americans play in

Reconstructive governments?• What were the two accomplishments of

Reconstructive governments? What were two problems?

• Why did African Americans and poor whites become sharecroppers?

Section 4 End of an Era

• Radicals in Decline• The End of Reconstruction• Separate but Not Equal

Radicals in Decline

• Republicans (Radicals) were also hurt by widespread corruption in the government of President Grant.

• Congress pardoned former confederate officials.

• Southern whites terrorized African Americans who tried to vote.

The End of Reconstruction

• In 1876 Reconstruction came to an end.• The Democratic candidate Samuel Tilden

fought corruption.• The Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes

privately voted to end Reconstruction.• Hayes removed all remaining federal troops

from South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana.

Separate but Not Equal - Part 1

• Poll taxes required voters to pay a fee each time they voted.

• Literacy tests required voters to read and explain a difficult part of the Constitution.

• To allow more whites to vote, states passed grandfather clauses. If a voter’s grandfather had been eligible to vote, the voter did not have to pass a literacy test.

Separate but Not Equal – Part 2

• Segregation became the law in the south.• Jim Crow Laws separated blacks and whites in

schools, restaurants, theaters, trains, streetcars, playgrounds, hospitals, and cemeteries.

• Plessy v. Ferguson ruled that segregation was legal as long as facilities for blacks and whites were equal.

• The Fourteenth Amendment became the basis for the civil rights movement 100 years later.

Section 4 Review

• Identify: Samuel Tilden, Rutherford Hayes, Jim Crow Laws, Plessy v. Ferguson

• Define: poll tax, literacy test, grandfather clause, segregation

• Why did Republicans lose support in the North?

• How did Hayes gain southern Support in the election of 1876?