Chapter Review 14-17 A lot of information to cover Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17.
Chapter 17 Notes. Overview of Chapter 17 Properties of Matter Solids Density Others (brittleness,...
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Transcript of Chapter 17 Notes. Overview of Chapter 17 Properties of Matter Solids Density Others (brittleness,...
Chapter 17 Notes
Overview of Chapter 17
Properties of Matter
SolidsFluids
(liquids and gases)
DensityOthers
(brittleness, tensileStrength, etc)
Density Buoyancy ViscosityCompression
(gases)
Properties of Solids Density- describes the relationship b/t mass and
volume of homogenous material- tells how tightly molecules are “packed”
Formula: D=m/v What are the units of density? Density stays the same no matter how large or
small the sample is Heterogenous materials may not have the same
density throughout
Ideas from lab 17.1 Density does not depend on size of the
material Density does depend on the type of
material Density does not depend on the shape of
the material (unless you have altered volume)
Density does depend on the state of matter
Other properties Hardness-resistance to scratching Elasticity-ability to stretch then return to original
shape Brittleness-tendency to shatter on impact Malleability- ability to be pounded into sheets Tensile strength- measures how much tension a
material can withstand without breaking
Density of Fluids Fluid- matter with the ability to flow (applies to
gases too) The liquid form of a material is usually less
dense than the solid form of a material- Why? As temperature increases, the density decreases-
Why? The exception: solid water is less dense then
liquid water- Why?
Ideas from lab 17.2 Layering is a qualitative method of
comparing densities of different fluids The most dense fluid will be at the bottom,
the least dense fluid will be at the top. Some real-life uses for layering: oil
refineries, steel blast furnance
Buoyancy The measure of the upward force a fluid
exerts on an object Archimedes principle- the force exerted on
the object is = to the weight of fluid displaced by the object
Getting objects to float- Points from lab 17.3 To get an object to float, you need buoyant force
to equal the force of the object In other words, the weight of the displaced water
needs to equal the weight of the object How could you increase the amount of displaced
water? Change the shape of the substance so the surface area
is increased and will displace more water This also changes its density by increasing the object’s
volume while the mass remains unchanged.
Viscosity Definition: material’s resistance to flow What determines viscosity? The ease at
which molecules can move past one another This depends on:
the size and shape of the molecule how tightly packed the molecules are
Temperature and viscosity As temp increases liquids usually become less
viscous because molecules are spread out more and molecules have an easier time moving past one another
Gases become MORE viscous with increasing temperature- this is because as molecules move around more, they will collide more creating more friction and greater resistance to flow
Compressibility of gases Since molecules in a gas are far apart, they
can be compressed to decrease its volume. Adding pressure will compress gases, leaving
empty space were the gas molecules used to occupy Once the pressure is released, then the gas will
expand, filling the empty space
Cartesian divers If pressure is applied to the system, the gas
inside the diver compresses This compression allows space for water to
enter This added water increases the density, then
the diver sinks What causes it to float again?