Chapter 17
-
Upload
ekarts-world-geography -
Category
Technology
-
view
531 -
download
0
Transcript of Chapter 17
![Page 1: Chapter 17](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062513/55588f66d8b42a5d328b553d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Today’s Issues:
Russia and the Republics
The collapse of the powerful Soviet government has left many of its former republics facing difficult ethnic, economic, and environmental challenges.
NEXT
![Page 2: Chapter 17](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062513/55588f66d8b42a5d328b553d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
SECTION 1 Regional Conflict
SECTION 2 The Struggle for Economic Reform
Today’s Issues:
Russia and the Republics
Case Study The Soviet Union’s Nuclear Legacy
NEXT
![Page 3: Chapter 17](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062513/55588f66d8b42a5d328b553d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Section 1
Regional Conflict • Regional tensions, once under Soviet
control, have flared up in Russia and the Republics.
• Some of the most violent conflicts have occurred in the Caucasus region.
NEXT
![Page 4: Chapter 17](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062513/55588f66d8b42a5d328b553d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
A Troubled Caucasus
Land of Great Complexity • Collapse of Soviet government weakens central
authority in Republics- crime and religious or ethnic conflict increase
• Caucasus—area of Caucasus Mountains between Black, Caspian seas- north: Russian republics Chechnya, Dagestan,
Ingushetia, North Ossetia- south: independent countries Armenia,
Azerbaijan, Georgia • California-size area is home to dozens of
languages, 50 ethnic groups • Groups fight violently for independent territories
after USSR falls
SECTION
1 Regional Conflict
Continued . . .NEXT
![Page 5: Chapter 17](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062513/55588f66d8b42a5d328b553d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
SECTION
1
continued A Troubled Caucasus
Chechnya • Chechnya republic remains part of Russia after
USSR collapse • Russia invades twice in 1990s to block Chechnyan
independence- invades in 1994 and soon controls 2/3 of country,
capital of Grozny- rebels fight from mountain hideouts, force 1996
peace agreement- bombings in Moscow lead Russia to invade again
in 1999
NEXT
Continued . . .
![Page 6: Chapter 17](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062513/55588f66d8b42a5d328b553d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
SECTION
1
continued A Troubled Caucasus
Georgia • Georgia’s Ossetian people fight the Georgian army
in early 1990s- seek to unite South Ossetia (Georgia) with North
Ossetia (Russia)• Abkhazia region of Georgia declares independence
in 1992- rebels force Georgian population (250,000) to
leave- Georgian troops driven out, but region still in
ruins
NEXT
Continued . . .
![Page 7: Chapter 17](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062513/55588f66d8b42a5d328b553d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
SECTION
1
continued A Troubled Caucasus
Armenia and Azerbaijan • South of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan fight
over territory- Armenia wants Nagorno-Karabakh, a
mountainous area in Azerbaijan- region is 3/4 ethnic Armenian
• Dispute rages in early 1920s, but kept under control by Soviets- fighting resumed in late 1980s until 1994
cease-fire- by then tens of thousands dead, nearly a
millionrefugees
NEXT
![Page 8: Chapter 17](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062513/55588f66d8b42a5d328b553d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Hope on the Horizon?
Can the Conflicts be Stopped? • U.S. hosts Armenia-Azerbaijan peace talks in 2001 • Chechnyan fighting causes high casualties for
Russians, Chechnyans- once-high public support for war is declining- economic cost of war is a burden
SECTION
1
NEXT
![Page 9: Chapter 17](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062513/55588f66d8b42a5d328b553d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Section 2
The Struggle for Economic Reform • Russia has struggled to move from a
command economy to a market economy.
• Russia’s enormous size and widespread criminal activity have made economic reform difficult.
NEXT
![Page 10: Chapter 17](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062513/55588f66d8b42a5d328b553d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Steps Toward Capitalism
Privatization • After Soviet collapse Russia embraces capitalism
- removes price controls in 1992; prices of goodsincrease 250%
• Also in 1992, Russia begins process of privatization- sells government-owned businesses to private
individuals, companies • Public buy businesses with vouchers to be repaid
with future profits- business failures, unpaid vouchers lead to 1998
economic crash • Still, by 2000, 60% of workforce employed in private
sector
SECTION
2
Continued . . .
The Struggle for Economic Reform
NEXT
![Page 11: Chapter 17](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062513/55588f66d8b42a5d328b553d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
SECTION
2
continued Steps Toward Capitalism
The High Cost of Economic Change • Since the 1998 crash, Russia’s economy has slowly
recovered • In spite of this, 40% of Russians still far below
poverty line • Some wonder if things had maybe been better
under Soviets
NEXT
![Page 12: Chapter 17](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062513/55588f66d8b42a5d328b553d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Obstacles to Economic Reform
Distance Decay • Distance decay—long-distance communication,
transportation are hard- Russia spans 11 time zones, has 89 regional
governments- central government in Moscow is weak- difficult to get distant officials to enforce national
reform programs • President Vladimir Putin creates 7 large federal
districts in 2000- governor-generals will force regional officials to
follow reform orders
SECTION
2
NEXT
Continued . . .
![Page 13: Chapter 17](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062513/55588f66d8b42a5d328b553d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
SECTION
2
continued Obstacles to Economic Reform
Organized Crime • “Russian mafia” criminal organizations grow rapidly
in 1990s- control 40% of private companies, 60% of state-
owned companies- mafia creates own economy, expands outside of
Russia• Organized crime slows economic reform by
rewarding illegal activity- government cannot tax such activity
NEXT
Future Prospects • Rising tax, customs revenues could lead to higher
living standards
![Page 14: Chapter 17](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062513/55588f66d8b42a5d328b553d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Case Study
The Soviet Union’s Nuclear Legacy
NEXT
BACKGROUND • The former Soviet Union’s nuclear programs have
become a problem • poorly constructed nuclear power stations are not
being maintained • nuclear waste dumps are decaying • These issues pose a threat to the region’s people
and environment
The Soviet Union’s Nuclear Legacy
![Page 15: Chapter 17](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062513/55588f66d8b42a5d328b553d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Case Study
An Unwelcome Legacy
Nuclear Uncertainties • Break up of USSR leaves fate of Soviet
nuclear weapons unclear- instead of 1 country with weapons, there
are 15 independent republics- Where are the weapons? Are they safe?
Where are the nuclear scientists? • Also facing problems with aging, poorly built
nuclear reactors- many are same design as one at 1986
Chernobyl disaster
NEXT
![Page 16: Chapter 17](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062513/55588f66d8b42a5d328b553d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Case Study
The Consequences of Collapse
Political Tensions • Nuclear issues create tension between
regions, other nations, U.S. • U.S. task force in 2000 highlights nuclear
security threat- fears grow that Russian nuclear materials
could be stolen, misused- recommends $30 billion package to help
keep weapons safe
NEXT
Continued . . .
![Page 17: Chapter 17](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062513/55588f66d8b42a5d328b553d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Case Study
Economic Health • Many regional leaders reluctant to shut down
Soviet nuclear reactors- it would be too expensive to build new non-
nuclear plants • Some republics’ steps to revive their
economies are questionable- in 2001, Russia’s Duma (legislature) approved nuclear dump plan- hope to earn $21 billion by storing other
countries’ nuclear waste- Russian environmentalists are upset over
the plan NEXT
continued The Consequences of Collapse
Continued . . .
![Page 18: Chapter 17](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062513/55588f66d8b42a5d328b553d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Case Study
Environmental Prospects • Some hope that region’s environmental
outlook can improve • In 2000, Ukraine shut down last active
Chernobyl reactor- hope to build protective dome for disaster
site • In 2000, a U.S.-funded treatment plant
opened near the White Sea- facility treats radioactive waste from
Russian nuclear submarines- submarine nuclear waste formerly dumped
in the sea NEXT
continued The Consequences of Collapse
![Page 19: Chapter 17](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062513/55588f66d8b42a5d328b553d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button.
![Page 20: Chapter 17](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062513/55588f66d8b42a5d328b553d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Print Slide Show1. On the File menu, select Print2. In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft PowerPoint
If the dialog box does not include this pop-up, continue to step 4
3. In the Print what box, choose the presentation format you want to print: slides, notes, handouts, or outline
4. Click the Print button to print the PowerPoint presentation
CONTINUE