Chapter 17 11 th & 12 th Century ( ) Increase in church construction due to the following: pilgrimages to visit relics (said to have healing powers) crusades (literally taking of the cross) merged the monastic with military growing cities, expansion, increased population many earlier churches destroyed by Norsemen needed buildings that were fire proof, hold large crowds, good acoustics and lighting Basic Characteristics of Romanesque style: breaks from old basilica hall-like space with flat walls new interior divided into compartments (bays) clearly defined modular units, repeated round arch buttress cylindrical apse radiating chapels square/round towers portals (doorways) become important area for sculptural decoration Diagram of a Romanesque portal Church and Reliquary of Sainte Foy, Conques, France, c. 10501130 Interior & Plan Tympanum (portal) Reliquary statue of Sainte-Foy (Saint Faith), late 10th to early 11th century with later additions, gold, silver gilt, jewels, and cameos over a wooden core, 33 1/2 inches Bayeux tapestry, c. 1070, embroidered wool on linen, 20 inches high (Bayeux Museum) 4 Main Regions in Romanesque art, each with own characteristics France/Northern Spain Holy Roman Empire (Germany & Milan) Normandy/England Italy France & Northern Spain St. Sernin, Toulouse, France St. Sernin Interior Bernardus Gelduinus, Christ in Majesty, relief in ambulatory of Saint-Sernin. c. 1096 Cloister of Saint-Pierre, Moissac Lions & Old Testament Prophet (Jeremiah or Isaiah?) Trumeau of south portal of St.-Pierre, Moissac, France Giselbertus, Last Judgement, West tympanum of St.- Lazare, Autun Morgan Madonna 12 th century painted wood Holy Roman Empire Speyer Cathedral, Germany Sant Ambrogio, Milan 11 th -12 th century Italy Baptistery, Cathedral, and Campanile, in Pisa Baptistery of San Giovanni, Florence. dedicated 1059 San Miniato al Monte, Florence and 12th century Wiligelmo, Creation and Temptation of Adam and Eve. c. 1110, Modena Cathedral, frieze King David by Benedetto Antelami. c Normandy & England St.-Etienne, Caen. begun 1067 Durham Cathedral, England. beg. c. 1093