CHAPTER 16The Conquest of the Far South

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Western Tribes and New Mexico

Plains Indians Lived off hunting buffalo Used EVERY part of the

Buffalo….even “buffalo chips” Unable to unite Vulnerable to eastern disease

Huge numbers of Hispanics in the SW

Taos Indian Rebellion White pop. Shot up after

the expansion of the RRs

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http://www.saskschools.ca/~gregory/firstnations/scans/uses.jpg

California and Texas

Many Hispanics lived in CA

Whites moved West and took land They wouldn’t even let them in the gold

mines!

Many Californios were at the bottom of the economic pyramid

Similar events happened in Texas

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The Chinese Migration

Over 200,000 Chinese had settled in America by 1880

They were at first welcomed, but then feared

They were driven out of prospecting b/c of: 1. Effect of discriminatory laws 2. hostility of white miners 3. declining profitability of the surface mines

Began to work on the Transcontinental Railroad (for the Central Pacific).

Very dangerous, brutal conditions

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Unidentified Artist  P1967.727 gelatin silver print, 1919Central Pacific Railroad Workers. In 1863, Collis P. Huntington,Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins and Charles Crocker formed the BigFour to construct the Central Pacific Railroad.  They would hire12,000-14,000 Chinese to level roadbeds, bore tunnels, blast mountainsides, and eventually complete the first transcontinental railroad in 1869

Joining the Tracks for the First Transcontinental Railroad,Promontory Point, Utah Newline Photographer. Andrew J. Russell. On May 10, 1869, the final gold spike was driven at Promontory Point. Dignitaries did not invite Chinese workers to the official ceremony, despite their significant contribution and death toll for the national project.

http://apa.si.edu/ongoldmountain/gallery2/gallery2.html

Chinese Migration

After the Transcontinental RR was completed in 1869, many Chinese moved to cities

Chinatowns

Most Chinese were unskilled laborers, servants or entered into the laundry business.

Initially, there were very few Chinese women Why?

Chinese Exclusion Act Banned immigration for 10 years, barred those in US from becoming

citizens

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Homestead Act 1862

160 acres for 5 years of cultivating led to mass migration from south (exodusters), north, Europe.

Transportation advancements Union/Central Pacific

railroads led to MUCH easier transport.

1869 took 10 days coast to coast.

MINING

1860-1890s

Boom and Bust cycle What is this?

Men far outnumbered women What did most men do after the boom

period?

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Boomtowns:Denver, COVA City, NVSan Francisco, CA

Mining

Railroads were the means to expand western settlement, mining provided the motive for many to move west.

Migration happened in “boom” and “bust” cycles:

1849 –California1858/59–Colorado1859 –Nevada’s Comstock Lode

NOTE: Women followed the men and earned the right to vote out West first:

1869–Wyoming, 1870–Utah, 1893-Colorado, 1896-Idaho

San Francisco - 1850

Cattle Kingdom

Cattle herding was a Texan and Mexican industry Americans in Texas adopted their methods 5 million cattle in Texas in 1865, developed Long

Drives What were long drives?

Sheepmen came from West and created Range Wars

People began to block off their land claims Sheepmen, cattlemen, ranchers and farmers

all were competing for land

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Romance of the West

“True Freedom”

Paintings and performances idealized the West

“Buffalo Bill”

The Last Frontier

14

• Frederick Jackson Turner• “The frontier has gone and

with its going has closed the first period of American History.”

Indian “Pacification” US Govt. signs treaties with Native

Americans…..Led to Reservation System (= Boundaries)

PROBLEM: Ignored reality of migration of tribes, buffalo and especially settlers

BROKEN PROMISES: US did not respect terms of treaties, violated its own “boundaries” and failed to provide security and food to tribes.

CONCENTRATION POLICY:What was it?How did it benefit the white men?Forced into Oklahoma and the Dakotas

Buffalo Herds decimated What happened to the Buffalo? How did it decimate Native culture? 1865 – 15 million buffalo 1875 – less than one thousand!

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Map: Western Indian Reservations, 1890

Western Indian Reservations, 1890Native-American reservations were almost invariably located on poor-quality lands. Consequently, when the Dawes Severalty Act broke up the reservations into 160-acre farming tracts, many of the semiarid divisions would not support cultivation.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Sand Creek Massacre

November, 1864: Cheyenne are forced to a barren area of

Colorado Begin to raid local trails for food and supplies Col. Chivington’s militia massacre approx. 150

women and children at Sand Creek, CO

"I have come to kill Indians," he is known to have said, "and believe it is right and honorable to use any means under God's heaven to kill Indians.“ – Col. Chivington

Fighting in the Plains

1866: 81 soldiers & settlers killed Bozeman, MT

1868: Fort Laramie Treaty, govt. abandon’s Bozeman Trail

1874: Col. Custer creates gold rush to Black Hills, SD, sacred to Sioux. Sitting Bull destroys Custer’s command at Little Big Horn

1877: Nez Perce lands appropriated for gold. Nez Perce flee on 1700 mile trek to Canada. Stopped and sent to Kansas, where 40% died of disease.

Geronimo leads resistance of Apache in South West. NOTE: 20% of US troops were Buffalo Soldiers

1890: Battle of Wounded Knee Sioux believed in the Ghost Dance

Wovoka promised a Sioux revival if they performed this dance

Soldiers arrested about 350 starving and freezing Sioux and took them to Wounded Knee Creek in S.D.

MASSACRE: Federal Cavalry kills over 300

Ghost Dancehttp://php.indiana.edu/~tkavanag/visuale.html

Wounded Knee

Sitting Bull’s death stems from Ghost Dance hysteria.

Systematic wiping out pretty much complete by end of 19th century.

Dawes Act

1887 Dawes Act Forced Assimilation policies Reward good behavior with land and citizenship

1879: Carlisle Indian School, - “Kill the Indian and Save the man”

- separate children from tribes, educate in - English and white man’s ways- Jim Thorpe

Indian population slowly rises after 1890’s.

Dawes Act 1887

Assimilation

Breakup of reservations to agriculture/take best land for whites

Schools (“kill the Indian, save the man”)

Buffalo wiped out on purpose

Battle of Wounded Knee after Sitting Bull’s death stems from Ghost Dance hysteria.

“Buffalo Bill” Cody

Indian School

Chapter Seventeen:Industrial Supremacy

Sources of Industrial Growth33

• Industrial Technologies• America was expanding at a rapid

pace

• Was becoming the true industrial power in the world

• Alexander Graham Bell

• Thomas Edison and electric power

• Impact of Electric Power

• Generators and power gridsBy the turn of the century, electricity was everywhere!Railways, elevators, factories, homes

The Technology of Iron and Steel Production34

• Iron was taking over America• More than 40,000 mile of RR track had been laid

• Bessemer Process• What was it?• What did it do?

• Steel industry began in Pittsburgh

• Close relationship with the RRs

• Rise of the Petroleum Industry

Pioneer Oil Run, 1865 (Library of Congress)

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The Automobile and the Airplane

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• Creation of gasoline and internal combustion engines opened up new opportunities

• Henry Ford• Creates the first car• 1895 – 4 automobiles• 1917 – 5 million automobiles

• The Wright Brothers• 1899 – invented the first airplane• 1904 – could fly 23 miles!• 1915 – National advisory Committee on

Aeronautics is created

The Wright Brothers (Library of Congress)

George Selden and Henry Ford take a spin in a Selden automobile in New York City, circa 1895. The two would later go a few rounds in court.

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The Science of Production

“Taylorism” Subdivide tasks Made workers

replaceable

Assembly Line Both a place and

a concept What is the

concept of an assembly line?

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“Taylorism”

39

Railroad Expansion and the Corporation

40

Railroad was largely responsible for the increase of business Why?

1860 – 30,000 miles of track 1900 – 193,000 miles of track

Corporations What is a corporation?

Limited Liability Why does this make it easier for

businessmen and investors alike?

Railroad Land Grants41

Chapter Seventeen:

Industrial Supremacy

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Railroads, 1870-1890

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Tycoons44

1. Profiteering from the Civil War gives rise to millionaire class

2. Millionaires capitalize on Transcontinental railroad, mechanization, industrialization, & expansion of markets

3. Surplus of raw materials, cheap labor, foreign investment ENCOURAGE CAPITALISM

4. Inventions = Industrialization More Inventions More

Industrialization

ALL OF THIS GIVES RISE TO TYCOONS

Andrew Carnegie = Steel Kingpin

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Steel is King : US pouring out 1/3 of world’s steel by 1890’s

Carnegie uses vertical integration to make more profit Controls all means of production, eliminates

middle man

Also uses horizontal integration to eliminate competition.

Sells to JP Morgan for 450 million

Becomes a philanthropist

How do horizontal integration and vertical integration help business??

J P Morgan – Banker’s Banker

46

Builds financial empire through railroads, banks, and holding companies

Buys out Carnegie and enters steel business

Uses trusts and holding companies to consolidate wealth and power What are trusts and holding

companies?

Forms US Steel Corporation – 1st ever corporation worth more than $1 billion!

Rockefeller – Standard Oil Corp.

47

Kerosene and then Automobiles drive up US oil consumption

Rockefeller ruthlessly uses horizontal consolidation to create largest monopoly

1877 controls 95% of US’s oil refineries

Robber Baron’s Baron

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Standard Oil Monopoly

Standard Oil MonopolyBelieving that Rockefeller's Standard Oil monopoly was exercising dangerous power, this political cartoonist depicts the trust as a greedy octopus whose sprawling tentacles already ensnare Congress, state legislatures, and the taxpayer, and are reaching for the White House. (Library of Congress)

HOW MUCH WOULD THEY BE WORTH TODAY??

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J.P. Morgan - $139 BILLION

Andrew Carnegie - $189.6 BILLION

John D. Rockefeller - $262 BILLION

COMPARE:

Bill Gates - $56 BILLION

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Monopoly = a firm that completely controls an industry

Vertical integration = combining all phases of manufacturing in to one organization (Carnegie)

Horizontal consolidation = allying with competitors to monopolize a market (Rockefeller)

Trust = a board of directors/stockholders that coordinates companies within an industry to avoid competition

Holding company = a corporation composed of various competing enterprises within one industry (JP Morgan’s US Steel)

Justifications for Big Business

51

Old Rich displaced by rule of the “new rich”

Gospel of Wealth – discourages helping the poor by state

Laissez faire = “let it be”

Justified by Social Darwinism – survival of the fittest

Poor are poor due to lack of initiative

Horatio Alger What did Alger do to justify this?

The Problems of Monopoly

52

o Economic Concentration Challengedo Gained momentum in societyo Complaints that they could charge

whatever they wantedo Contributed to instability

Immigrant Workforce53

Rapidly Expanding Working Class Where are they coming from?

Labor Contract Law What is this?

Growing Ethnic Tensions

Inspection room at Ellis Island, NY (Library of Congress)

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Impact of Industrialization

55

Urbanization

Long Work Hours and Dangerous Jobs

Children work too

Women’s roles change Delayed marriages Smaller families

Accentuated class division 1900: 1/10 of US owns 9/10 of US’s wealth 1900: 2/3 of Americans are “wage slaves”

Workers’ lives increasingly precarious

Workers’ Poor Conditions

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Factories took the skill out of many positions

VERY dangerous 1882 – 675 laborers

killed RRs – 1 in 300

Many women and children worked to make ends meet

Children sacrificed their education

1899 – women earned $269 a year/men earned $498 That same year Carnegie

made $23 million!!

Knights of Labor

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Collective effort needed to counter trusts

“An injury to one is an injury to all”

Founded as a secret society in 1869. Why?

Inclusive and Diverse: men and women white and black skilled and unskilled

Broad (utopian? Socialist?) goals

HURT by Haymarket Square riot, 1886, Chicago

Knights of LaborBlack delegate Frank J. Farrell introduces Terence V. Powderly, head of the Knights of Labor, at the organization's 1886 convention. The Knights were unusual in accepting both black and female workers. (Library of Congress)

American Federation of Labor

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Skilled workers split from Knights of Labor 1886

AFL was elitist, narrow in goals – not utopian

Led by Samuel Gompers Avoided politics and focused on

union goals: Better wages Eight-hour day Better working conditions

AFL successful in many of its strikes and in meeting many of its goals

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1. The Knights of Labor were weakened by

a. Its refusal to endorse social reform and the 8 hour day

b. Stiff competition from the National Labor Union

c. Its association in the public mind with the Haymarket riot

d. Its inclusion of both skilled and unskilled workers

Strikes Turn Violent65

http://www.edteck.com/dbq/dbquest/quest11.htm

STRIKES

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HOMESTEAD STRIKE

1892

HAYMARKET AFFAIR

1886PULLMAN STRIKE

1893

GREAT STRIKE OF 1877

STRIKES

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HOMESTEAD STRIKE

1892

STEEL STRIKEProtest work

& living conditions

Pinkerton Detectives

protect scabs,Several deaths

US troops end it

WEAKENS LABOR

HAYMARKET BOMBING

1886

Labor marchBomb thrownSeveral deaths

8 Anarchists arrested

4 hanged, 1 suicide

PUBLIC TURNS AGAINST

LABOR

PULLMAN STRIKE1894

Pullman Comp. cuts wages

during Panic of 1894

Does not raise after ends

Workers strike

US troops end it

Debs arrestedWorkers

BlacklistedLABOR WEAK

RAILROAD STRIKE OF 1877

Railroad strikeParalyzed rail & commerce

Pres. Hayes Sent US troops

to end it

CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT

*Pullman Strike – NBC Learn video

1877 and Homestead Strikes

Sources of Labor Weakness

Wages barely went up Won some legislative victories

But most of them were not even enforced! Most workers had LESS power than they

used to

Why? Division in the workforce Many workers on the move Corp. usually had state, local or fed. Help

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CHAPTER 18

The Age of the City

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Total Immigration, 1861-1900

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The Age of the City Urbanization

1850: 3.5 million in urban areas

1900: 30.2 million in urban areas

Baltimore 1850 Baltimore 1910

The Ethnic City

The Diverse Immigrant Populations Lived in ghettos together Why did this make it easier

to adjust?

Importance of Ethnic Ties Felt more comfortable Continued traditions Advanced in society

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Assimilation and Exclusion

Assimilation Encouraged Mainly English Stores sold American food and clothing

Immigration Restriction League Screen immigrants through literacy tests “desirable” and “undesirable” What was the benefit to so much

immigration?

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“Immigration Under Attack,” 1903

(New York Public Library. Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations)78

Ellis Island

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Public Space

The Mall in Central Park, 1902 (Library of Congress)81

• Built to represent something different than a city• Libraries, parks, theaters• Who supported the construction of these projects?

The Search for Housing

Railroad Suburbs What is a

railroad suburb?

Jacob Riis What impact did

Riis have on society?

82Attic tenement house (Library of Congress)

Housing Conditions

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Strains of Urban Life

Fire Began to build fireproof

buildings Many new skyscrapers

were built b/c of fires

Disease Typhoid fever and cholera No sophisticated toilet

system

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Great Chicago fire of 1871

Environment and Violence

Air pollution

Sewage Disposal Systems

Poverty “deserving” v. “undeserving” Private organizations

Violence 1880 – 25 murders for every 100

people 1900 – 100 murders for every 100

people

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The Machine and the Boss

How did the political machine help immigrants?

Often were vehicles for making money “Boss” Tweed

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Rise of Mass Consumption

Incomes rise throughout the late 19th century Whose income rose the most?

Ready-made clothing

Buying then preparing food Tin cans, refrigerated railroad cars

Women were becoming more into fashion Chain stores, dept. stores, and mail-order

catalogs were increasing in popularity

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Leisure in Society With shorter hours and higher wages,

people were enjoying their leisure time

Baseball becomes popular after the Civil War Cincinnati Red Stockings were first pro team

1891 – James Naismith invents basketball

1869 - First football game: Princeton v. Rutgers

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Leisure in Society

Music, Theatre and Movies

Vaudeville

D.W. Griffith Birth of a Nation

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Hammerstein Theatre, NYC

Coney Island Why were people so attracted to

amusement parks?

Dime Novels

Newspaper popularity William Randolph Hearst

Telephones At first they were impractical Switchboard Mostly owned by businesses

Coney Island, NY

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Impact of Darwinism

What is Darwinism? How did it impact city/rural lives?

Pragmatism Society should rely on science, not religion

This sparked new ideas on schooling (democratic method), economic impacts on society and anthropology

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Public schooling gained added importance

Universities grew through donations Many schools began to focus on discoveries in

agriculture, mechanics, and medicine

Medical Advancements X-ray Identifying infections Blood transfusions

What did this do?

Germ Theory Accepted How did this change medicine?

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CHAPTER 19

From Crisis to Empire

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Politics of Equilibrium97

The Party System

Stability and Stalemate Little changed in the Rep. and Dem. Parties

High Turnout 78% of eligible voters turned out 1860-1900

Who voted Democrat? Why? Republican? Why?

Politics of Equilibrium98

Nat. Govt. Didn’t do much Collected taxes, foreign policy, mail, military, civil war

pension

Presidents and Patronage Rutherford B. Hayes

Stalwarts and Half-Breeds

Election of 1880 Garfield wins

July 2, 1881 – Garfield assassinated Chester A. Arthur is president

Pendleton Act What did the Pendleton Act do?

– Cleveland, Harrison, and the Tariff 1884

Grover Cleveland Elected Tough on crime, corruption and

politics

1888 Harrison defeats Cleveland What was unique about this

election?

1892 Cleveland defeats Harrison….

Grover Cleveland (Library of Congress)

The Politics of Equilibrium

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New Public Issues

Public opinion was forcing Harrison to act

Sherman Antitrust Act Tried to limit corporations. Not very successful.

McKinley Tariff Why were people angry about this?

Interstate Commerce Act Made all RR rates “reasonable and just”

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Populism101

Farmers ally themselves against the Railroads Why?

July 1892 – People’s Party (Populism) created Immediately gained seats in govt. but their potential was limited.

Populist Ideas Ocala Demands

Allow farmers to borrow money with low interest Abolition of National Banks Direct election of Senators Govt. ownership of RRs, telephones, and telegraphs

Crisis of the 1890s102

– The Panic of 1893 America’s Interconnected Economy

Railroads, banks, loan dependent businesses…. Within 8 months 8,000 businesses, 156 RRs, and

400 banks failed. “Coxey’s Army”

What is Coxey’s Army?

– The Silver Question “Bimetallism” “Crime of 73”

What was the crime of 73? How does this affect farmers?

“A Cross of Gold”

William McKinley elected as the Republican candidate

“A Cross of Gold”Having behind us the commercial interests and

the laboring interests and all the toiling masses, we shall answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them, you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.

Bryan nominated for the Democrats Why are the populists annoyed? “Fusion”

What is Fusion? Why did the Populists agree to it?

William McKinley (Library of Congress)NBC Learn: “Free Silver”

Conservative Victory104

Birth of modern campaigning Bryan traveled 18,000 miles and

addressed an estimated 5 million people!

End of the People’s Party They gambled on Bryan and lost…

Gold Standard Act Confirmed the nation’s commitment to

the gold standard More gold was discovered and the

amount of gold in the economy was almost tripled, this alleviated concerns for bimetallism.

Election of 1896

Stirrings of Imperialism105

The “end of Manifest Destiny” caused some to look abroad

Provided new markets

Americans felt it natural to exert control over other weaker nations

Alfred Thayer Mahan Influence of Sea Power Upon

History Most powerful countries are

strong in the sea

 Screen clipping taken: 3/2/2011, 11:01 AM

  

First Conquest…Hawaii

1790: Americans first arrive in Hawaii, eventually become very connected to Hawaiian trade

1891: Queen Lilioukalani of Hawaii proposes removing rights of non-native Hawaiians…why?

1893: Americans lead a revolution and take control

Why was it in Hawaii’s best interest to become a state?

American businessman Sanford Dole becomes President

1898: Congress annexes Hawaii

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