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STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 16

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MASACCIO, Holy Trinity.

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Donatello. MARY MAGDALEN.

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DONATELLO, David.

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SANDRO BOTTICELLI, Birth of Venus.

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LEONARDO DA VINCI, Last Supper.

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LEONARDO DA VINCI, Mona Lisa,

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MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI, David.

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MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI, The Creation of Adam.

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PAOLO VERONESE, Christ in the House of Levi.

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JAN VAN EYCK, Giovanni Arnolfini and His

Bride.

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PIETER BRUEGEL THE ELDER, Hunters in the Snow.

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GIANLORENZO BERNINI, David.

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GIANLORENZO BERNINI, Ecstasy of Saint

Teresa.

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CARAVAGGIO, Conversion of Saint Paul,

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DIEGO VELÁZQUEZ, Las Meninas

(The Maids of Honor).

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PETER PAUL RUBENS, Elevation of the Cross.

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REMBRANDT VAN RIJN, Return of the

Prodigal Son.

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JAN VERMEER, The Kitchen Maid

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JEAN-HONORÉ FRAGONARD, The

Swing.

Humanism

• A cultural and intellectual movement during the

Renaissance, following the rediscovery of the art and

literature of ancient Greece and Rome. A philosophy or

attitude concerned with the interests, achievements, and

capabilities of human beings rather than with the

abstract concepts and problems of theology and science.

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HUMANISM a Focus on Human Beings:

• Education that perfected humans through the

study of past models of civic and personal virtue.

• Value system that emphasized personal effort

and responsibility.

• Physically and intellectually active life that was

directed at a common good as well as individual

nobility .

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Renaissance

• Period in Europe from the late fourteenth

through the sixteenth centuries, which was

characterized by a renewed interest in human-

centered classical art, literature, and learning.

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Fresco

• A method of wall-painting on a plasterground.

Buon fresco, or true fresco, was much used in

Italy from the thirteenth to the sixteenth

centuries.

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Chiaroscuro

• Italian word meaning “light-dark.” The gradations

of light and dark values in two-dimensional

imagery; especially the illusion of rounded,

three-dimensional form created through

gradations of light and shade rather than line.

Highly developed by Renaissance painters.

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NeoplatonismEmbraced by the powerful Medici family.

All sources of inspiration, whether Biblical or Classical (Pagan)

mythology, represent a means of ascending earthly existence to a

mystical union with “the One”.

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Memento Mori

• A visual reminder of human mortality.

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Camera Obscura

• A technical aid, widelv used in the seventeenth

and eighteenth centuries, which consisted of a

darkened box or tent containing lenses and a

mirror. The artist could project the image of an

object or landscape onto the oil painting surface

and then trace it out in charcoal or graphite.

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sfumato

A painting technique using an imperceptable,

subtle transition from light to dark, without any

clear break or line. The theory was developed

and mastered by Leonardo da Vinci, and the

term derives from the Italian word fumo,

meaning vapor, or smoke.

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Pieta

• Works in which the Virgin is supporting and

mourning the death of Jesus.

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David

• Carved from an abandoned eighteen foot block

or marble.

• Symbol of freedom from tyranny for Florence

which had just become a Republic.

• Career making piece for a 26 year old

Michelangelo.

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Venetian School

• In the sixteenth century, artists such as

Giorgione and Titian preferred a gentler, more

sensuous approach to oil painting than had been

adopted by the Florentine School . The

Venetians used warm atmospheric tones.

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Mannerism

• A style that developed in the sixteenth century

as a reaction to the classical rationality and

balanced harmony of the high Renaissance;

characterized by dramatic use of space and

light; exaggerated color, elongation of figures,

and distortions of perspective, scale, and

proportion.

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• Northern European artists concerned with

depicting life in the real world.

• Artists like Jan van Eyck used linseed oil paint to

achieve a brilliance and transparency of color

that were previously unattainable.

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Glazing

An oil painting technique by which thin,

transparent layers of oil paint are applied

over an opaque layer to modify that layer's

color. It is sometimes difficult to determine

exactly the glazes used by the Old Masters

because of previous restoration or cleaning,

and also because of the similarity between

the appearance of a glazed paint layer and

varnish.

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Altarpieces placed at the front of a church

Series of Wood Panels with religious stories

Baroque

• The seventeenth-century period in Europe

characterized in the visual arts by dramatic light

and shade, turbulent composition, and

exaggerated expression.

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Protestant Reformation

• By the early 1500s, many people in Western Europe

were growing increasingly dissatisfied with the Christian

Church. Many found the Pope too involved with secular

(worldly) matters, rather than with his flocks spiritual

well-being. Lower church officials were poorly educated

and broke vows by living richly and keeping mistresses.

Some officials practiced simony, or passing down their

title as priest or bishop to their illegitimate sons. In

keeping with the many social changes of the

Renaissance people began to boldly challenge the

authority of the Christian Church.

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The Counter Reformation

• Attempts by the Catholic

church and secular Catholic

authorities to stem the flow

of Protestantism and reform

some of the worst excesses

of medieval Catholicism.

• Art was used as a tool of

persuasion.

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Tenebrism

• From the Italian tenebroso ("murky"),

(also called dramatic illumination) is a

style of painting using very pronounced

chiaroscuro, where there are violent

contrasts of light and dark, and darkness

becomes a dominating feature of the

image. Spanish painters in the early

seventeenth century who were

influenced by the work of Caravaggio

have been called Tenebrists, although

they did not form a distinct group.

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Rococo

• From the French “rocaille” meaning “rock work.”

This late Baroque style used in interior

decoration and painting was characteristically

playful, pretty, romantic, and visually loose or

soft; it used small scale and ornate decoration,

pastel colors, and asymmetrical arrangement of

curves. Rococo was popular in France and

southern Germany in the eighteenth century.

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Fete Galante

• A term first used in. the

eighteenth centurv to

describe an oil painting of a

dreamlike pastoral setting

which shows people, often in

extravagant costume,

amusing themselves with

dancing, music-making and

courtship. Watteau is

referred to as a painter of

'fetes galantes'.

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Contrapossto

• Italian for “counterpose.” The counterpositioning

of parts of the human figure about a central

vertical axis, as when the weight is placed on

one foot causing the hip and shoulder lines to

counter balance each other-often in a graceful s-

curve.

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Genre Painting

• A term used to loosely categorize paintings

depicting scenes of everyday life, including

domestic interiors, merry companies, inn

scenes, and street scenes.

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Giotto

• Feelings and physical nature

of human beings

• New sense of realism by

using light and space

• Re-inventor of “naturalistic”

painting

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Massaccio

• Used perspective to

construct an illusion of

figures in three-dimensional

space.

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Donatello

• Incorporates Greek idealism

into Christian context.

• Goes beyond Classical

Idealism by incorporating the

dimension of personal

expression.

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The Achievements of the Masters

• Leonardo da Vinci: superb master of line, pioneer

of sfumato, inventor, naturalist, and painter of the

soul’s intent.

• Raffaelo Sanzio(a.k.a Raphael): younger master

painter who incorporated elements of Leonardo and

Michelangelo in to his own unique style.

• Michelangelo Buonarroti: master of sculpture, also

excellent painter and architect, the man in demand.

• Venetian masters

– Bellini, Giorgione, Titian

– Palladio (architecture)

Leonard Da Vinci

• Motivated by intense

curiosity and a optimistic

belief in the human ability to

understand the world.

• Art and science are two

means to the same end:

knowledge.

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Michelangelo

Human beings are

unique, almost godlike.

In an artists hands, “life”

could be created through

inspiration from God.

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