Chapter 16 Financial Leverage and Capital Structure Policy
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Transcript of Chapter 16 Financial Leverage and Capital Structure Policy
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Chapter 16
Financial Leverage and Capital Structure Policy
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Key Concepts and Skills
The capital structure questionUnderstand the impact of taxes and
bankruptcy on capital structure choiceCapital structure and the cost of equity
capitalBankruptcy costsOptimal capital structure
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Refers to the extent to which a firm relies on debt.The more debt financing a firm uses in its capital
structure, the more financial leverage it employs.
Financial Leverage
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Capital Restructuring
We are going to look at how changes in capital structure affect the value of the firm, all else equal
Capital restructuring involves changing the amount of leverage a firm has without changing the firm’s assets
The firm can increase leverage by issuing debt and repurchasing outstanding shares
The firm can decrease leverage by issuing new shares and retiring outstanding debt
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Choosing a Capital Structure
What is the primary goal of financial managers? Maximize stockholder wealth
We want to choose the capital structure that will maximize stockholder wealth
We can maximize stockholder wealth by maximizing the value of the firm or minimizing the WACC
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The Effect of Leverage
How does leverage affect the EPS and ROE of a firm?
When we increase the amount of debt financing, we increase the fixed interest expense
If we have a really good year, then we pay our fixed cost and we have more left over for our stockholders
If we have a really bad year, we still have to pay our fixed costs and we have less left over for our stockholders
Leverage amplifies the variation in both EPS and ROE
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Example: Financial Leverage, EPS and ROE
What happens to EPS and ROE when we issue debt and buy back shares of stock?
Current and proposed capital structures for the Trans corporation:
Proposed Current8,000,000 8,000,000 Asset4,000,000 0 Debt4,000,000 8,000,000 Equity
1 0 Debt-equity ratio20 20 Share price
200,000 400,000 Shares outstanding10% 10% Interest rate
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Current Capital Structure : No DebtExpansion Expected Recession
1,500,000$ 1,000,000$ 500,000$ EBIT0 0 0 Interest
1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 Net income18.75% 12.5% 6.25% ROE
3.75 2.5 1.25$ EPSProposed Capital Structure : Debt= 4$ million
1,500,000$ 1,000,000$ 500,000$ EBIT400,000 400,000 400,000 Interest
1,100,000 600,000 100,000 Net income27.50% 15.00% 2.5% ROE
5.5 3 $0.5 EPS
Example: Financial Leverage, EPS and ROE
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Variability in ROE Current: ROE ranges from 6.25 % to 18.75 % Proposed: ROE ranges from 2.5 % to 27.50 %
Variability in EPS Current: EPS ranges from $ 1.25 to $ 3.75 Proposed: EPS ranges from $ 0.5 to $ 5.5
The variability in both ROE and EPS increases when financial leverage is increased
Example: Financial Leverage, EPS and ROE
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Break-Even EBIT
Find EBIT where EPS is the same under both the current and proposed capital structures
If we expect EBIT to be greater than the break-even point, then leverage may be beneficial to our stockholders
If we expect EBIT to be less than the break-even point, then leverage is detrimental to our stockholders
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Capital Structure Theory
Modigliani and Miller (M&M)Theory of Capital Structure Proposition I – firm value Proposition II – WACC
The value of the firm is determined by the cash flows to the firm and the risk of the assets
Changing firm value Change the risk of the cash flows Change the cash flows
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Capital Structure Theory Under Three Special Cases
Case I – Assumptions No corporate or personal taxes No bankruptcy costs
Case II – Assumptions Corporate taxes, but no personal taxes No bankruptcy costs
Case III – Assumptions Corporate taxes, but no personal taxes Bankruptcy costs
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Case I – Propositions I and II
Proposition I The value of the firm is NOT affected by changes in
the capital structure The cash flows of the firm do not change; therefore,
value doesn’t changeProposition II
The WACC of the firm is NOT affected by capital structure
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Case I - Equations
WACC = RA = (E/V)RE + (D/V)RD
RE = RA + (RA – RD)(D/E)
RA is the “cost” of the firm’s business risk, i.e., the risk of the firm’s assets
(RA – RD)(D/E) is the “cost” of the firm’s financial risk, i.e., the additional return required by stockholders to compensate for the risk of leverage
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Figure 16.3
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Case I - Example
Equity 80%Debt 20%
Equity 50%Debt 50%
Data Required return on assets =
12%; cost of debt = 8%;
1- What is the cost of equity & WACC? RE = 13% WACC = 12 %
2- What is the cost of equity & WACC? RE = 16% WACC = 12 %
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Business Risk and Financial Risk
Systematic risk of the assets, A, (Business risk)
Level of leverage, D/E, (Financial risk)
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Case II – Cash Flow
Interest is tax deductibleTherefore, when a firm adds debt, it reduces
taxes, all else equalThe reduction in taxes increases the cash
flow of the firmHow should an increase in cash flows affect
the value of the firm?
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Case II - Example
Firm L Firm U1,000$ 1,000$ EBIT80 0 Interest920$ 1,000$ Taxable Income
276 300 Taxes (30%)644$ 700$ Net income
Firm L Firm U Cash Flow from Assets
1,ooo 1,ooo EBIT276 300 -Taxes724$ 700$ Total
Firm L Firm U Cash Flow644 700 To
stockholders80 0 To
bondholders724$ 700$ Total
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Interest Tax Shield
Tnterest Tax Shield : The tax saving attained by a firm from interest expense.
Annual interest tax shield Tax rate times interest payment Annual tax shield = .30(80) = $24
Present value of annual interest tax shield Assume perpetual debt for simplicity PV = 24 / .08 = $300 PV =(TC × D×RD ) / RD =TC × D = 1000 × .30 = $300
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Figure 16.4
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Case II – Proposition I
The value of the firm increases by the present value of the annual interest tax shield Value of a levered firm = value of an unlevered
firm + PV of interest tax shield VL = VU + DTC
Value of equity = Value of the firm – Value of debt
Assuming perpetual cash flows VU = EBIT(1-T) / RU
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The Static Theory of Capital Structure
The theory that a firm borrows up to the point where the tax benefit from an extra dollar in debt is exactly equal to the cost
that comes from the increased probability of financial distress.
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Case III
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Case III
Capital Structure: Some Managerial Recommendations:
Taxes: Firms that have substantial tax shields from other sources,
such as depreciation, will get less benefit from leverage The higher the tax rate, the greater in incentive to borrow
Financial Distress: Firms with a greater risk of experiencing financial distress
will borrow less than firm with a lower risk of financial distress (EBIT)
Financial distress costs will be determined by how easily ownership of those assets can be transferred (tangible)
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The Pecking-Order Theory
Firms prefer to use internal financing whenever possible.
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Bankruptcy Costs
Direct costs Legal and administrative costs Ultimately cause bondholders to incur additional
losses Disincentive to debt financing
Financial distress Significant problems in meeting debt obligations Firms that experience financial distress do not
necessarily file for bankruptcy
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More Bankruptcy Costs
Indirect bankruptcy costs Larger than direct costs, but more difficult to
measure and estimate Stockholders want to avoid a formal bankruptcy
filing Bondholders want to keep existing assets intact
so they can at least receive that money Assets lose value as management spends time
worrying about avoiding bankruptcy instead of running the business
The firm may also lose sales, experience interrupted operations and lose valuable employees
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Liquidation Chapter 7 of the Federal Bankruptcy Reform Act
of 1978 Trustee takes over assets, sells them and
distributes the proceeds according to the absolute priority rule
Reorganization Chapter 11 of the Federal Bankruptcy Reform Act
of 1978 Restructure the corporation with a provision to
repay creditors
Bankruptcy Process