Chapter 16Eighteenth Century European Rivalries

George Anson's capture of a Manila galleon, painted by Samuel Scott before 1772

Who was the British architect of victory in the Seven Year’s War by financially supporting Frederick II and defeating France in North America?

James Wolfe

William Pitt the Elder

Robert Clive

George Grenville

William Pitt the Younger

Why did the Commonwealthmen have little influence in Great Britain? Because the British people regarded themselves as the freest people in the world.

Why did the Commonwealthmen have greater influence in North America?Because the American colonists did NOT regard themselves as the freest people in the world and resented what they considered the loss of their rights.

What is the difference between libel and slander?libel is written untruths or defamation of another person but slander is spoken untruths or defamation of another person

Just as Sir Robert Walpole had been pressured into the War of Jenkins’ Ear to protect British commercial interests, so _____________ was forced to give up his planned naval assault on British trading interests in order to support the ___________against Austria, which was France’s traditional enemy.

Cardinal Fleury

Prussians

Sir Robert Walpole began the practice of patronage in government and Parliament. What is patronage?

Patronage is the putting one’s supporters in positions of power

What began the First Stage of European worldwide expansion?The Voyages of Discovery

And what followed the Voyages of Discovery?The Spanish and Portuguese conquest and settlement of the New World; and the penetration of Indian and Southeast Asian markets by the Portuguese and Dutch.

the British and French settlement of North America

and a little later?

What catastrophic event brought the Third Stage of European worldwide expansion?

World War II

The Russo-Japanese War

World War I

The Korean War

The defeat of Napoleon

Frederick II became King of Prussia in 1740. He immediately ignored the Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI and seized what Austrian province?

Hungary

Pomerania

Cleves

Bohemia

Silesia

When John Wilkes was briefly imprisoned in May of 1768; his supporters cried_____________________. Soldiers fired on the unarmed crowd killing seven and wounding fifteen. What was this unfortunate incident called?

The Boston Massacre

The London Riots

St George's Fields Massacre

The Gordon Riots

No Justice, No Peace

From whom do the Saramaka people who live in present day Suriname and maintain an elaborate oral tradition trace their descent?

Creoles

Corregidores

Intendants

Mestizos

Maroons

What was the Second Stage of European worldwide expansion?

The growth of the Mercantilist Empires

What were its characteristics?

The Period of the Mercantilist Empires was dominated by colonial trade rivalry between Spain, France and Great Britain.

The Dutch and Portuguese maintained more modest colonial holdings but were minor players.

What about the Dutch and Portuguese?

What was the pivotal element of the first two stages of European worldwide expansion?

The growth of slavery

Why was the importation of slaves important?

Slaves (which were cheap and easily obtainable) made plantations which grew sugar cane, rice, indigo and tobacco immensely profitable.

In 1670, when Louis XIV and Charles II signed the Treaty of Dover, what nation controlled Peru, Cuba, the Philippines, the American Southwest and Florida?

Portugal

England

The Netherlands

Spain

France

In the Spanish colonies in the Americas, what four Viceroyalties appeared?

In 1521: New Spain [Mexico and Central America]

In 1542: New Castile [Peru, Ecuador and Northern Chile]

In 1717: New Granada[Panama, Colombia and Venezuela]

In 1776: Rio de la Plata[Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and much of modern Argentina]

Name the numbered areas on the map

1

2

3

4

5

6

Brazil

New Spain [Mexico]

Gulf of Mexico

Caribbean Sea

New Granada[Venezuela, Colombia Panama]

New Castile [Peru, Ecuador and Northern Chile]

Who was the architect of the bringing France and Austria into an alliance in 1756?

William Pitt the Elder

Louis Joseph de Montcalm.

Prince Wenzel Kaunitz

Lord Cornwallis

John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute

What were slaves who escaped and set up communities of their own called?

Sons of Liberty

Intendants

Mestizos

Zambos

Maroons

What was the Third Stage of European worldwide expansion?

The Third Stage occurred when European states in the _____________century carved out empires world-wide as they outright annexed most of Africa and India, settled Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Algeria; and economically penetrated the Ottoman Empire, Persia, China and Japan.

What propelled this worldwide empire buildinga combination of trade (spell that profit and $$$), national honor, Christian missionary zeal and military strategic considerations (such a coaling stations).

nineteenth

The Dutch East India Company, the French East India Company and the English East India Company were all examples of…

Empiricism

Royal Monopolies

Joint Stock Companies

Stock Exchanges

Bullionism

What event would bring about the final stage of European worldwide expansion?

World War II

What is the period between World War I and World War II called?The Age of Anxiety

What was the name for this last stage of European worldwide expansion which was really a contraction?

The Period of Decolonization

Which of the following factors allowed European powers to dominate most of the world?

Desire for profits

Superior technology

Superior Culture

Awareness of Classical Civilizations

Missionary Fervor

During and after the ___________, Spain

militantly imposed its religion and culture upon

the conquered Muslims; so in like manner the

Spanish Crown imposed the Catholic religion

and Spanish culture on the ____________ in

the Americas. As the colonies grew in the 16th

century, two principal centers of authority

arose: _____________.

Reconquista

native peoples

Mexico and Peru

What is the economic system in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market and seek to take advantage of market conditions to profit from their activities?

Capitalism

Where were the richest Dutch colonies located?The East Indies

What is a Free Market?A Free Market is an open arena in which businessmen are free to compete with each other and the forces of _________________to determine the prices received for goods and services. supply and demand

After the passage of the Stamp Act, there was much angry protesting in the colonies. What was the name of quasi-political group, which led vociferous protests which sometimes became violent demonstrations?

Abolitionists

The Amerindians

The Commonwealthmen

The Loyalists

The Sons of Liberty

In 1713-1714, the Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt ended the War of ___________________, allowed Philip V of Spain to keep his throne, blunted the territorial dreams of Louis ____and preserved what essential principle by establishing boundaries for the various European states?

The Divine Right of Kings

The preservation of traditional trade tariffs

Cuius religio, eius religio

Balance of Power

the Spanish Succession

XIV

It is important to understand that Capitalism spawned Mercantilism. By what other names in Mercantilism known?

Bullionism or the Mercantile System

Define Mercantilism

Mercantilism is the economic philosophy that tries to increase the power of a nation by increasing its monetary wealth through policies designed to secure an accumulation of ________, a favorable balance of ______, the development of agriculture and manufacturing, and the establishment of foreign trading monopolies.

bulliontrade

Who thought of the world as an arena of limited resources and economic limitations; an arena which had to be contested vigorously if a nation was to grow richer?

Amerindians

Mercantilists

Maroons

Commonwealthmen

The American Colonists

What is bullion?Gold bars, silver bars, other precious-metals bars, sometimes called ingots

What is a favorable Balance of Trade?

A Favorable Balance of Trade occurs when a nation sells or exports more than it buys or imports – thus creating wealth.

What is a monopoly?

A monopoly is the exclusive or complete control of an entire supply of goods or services in a certain area or market.

Viceroys were kept in check [check up on] by?

Conquistadores

Corregidores

Peninsulares

Audiencias

Which viceroyality was created because of War of Jenkin’s Ear?

New Granada in 1717

What is a boon?a benefit, aid or advantage

Because Mother Countries used their colonies to provide markets for the mother country’s goods and sources of natural resources for the Mother Country’s benefit, the 18th century became known as

The Golden Age of Smuggling

What does ubiquitous mean?

Found everywhere - seeming to be seen everywhere

In what three overseas locations did the French and the British clash?North America, the West Indies and India

In North America, British and French colonists quarreled over two main commodities. What were they?

Fishing rights and the Fur Trade

What did the British and French quarrel over in the West Indies?lucrative plantation crops: sugar, tobacco, cotton, indigo and coffee; especially sugar!

What was the name of the administrators who were appointed by the king of Spain to govern in his place in the New World?

Conquistadores

Corregadores

Viceroys

Mestizos

Peninsulares

Even after their defeat at Yorktown, why did the British grant the Americans their independence?

The British were tired of a war they could not win; and a war that drained their treasurery. They won many battles and held key cities but they could not occupy such a vast territory.

Which English political party heavily influenced the American colonial leaders because it drew upon the political idealism of John Locke?

The Whigs

The English and the French did not interfere with

the Dutch holdings in Southeast Asia. Nevertheless

as the _____________(The Islamic-Mongol Empire

which controlled most of Northern India) and many of

its dependent states weakened, the French under

_____________ (1697-1763) and the British under

_____________ (1725-1774) both sought to

expand their footholds in India.

Mughal Empire

Joseph Dupleix

Sir Robert Clive

Which of the following could be said to be the root cause of the American Revolution?

The Battles of Lexington and Concord

Common Sense by Thomas Paine

The refusal of the British crown to consider working towards independence for the American colonies

The British wanted the American Colonists to pay their fair share for the benefits gained from the French and Indian War.

The ____________________(House of Trade) or the Casa in Seville regulated all trade with the New World. Cádiz was the only port authorized for use to trade in America?

Casa de Contratación

The Casa de Contratación used the ____________, which consisted of fleets of merchant ships (guarded by warships), to carry merchandise from Spain to three authorized ports on the Atlantic coast of Spain’s American empire

Flota System

Who were the local officials who presided over local municipal councils and who worked under the Viceroys and with the Audiencias in the Spanish colonies?

Conquistadores

Corregidores

Mestizos

Peninsulares

Creoles

What were privateers?

Privateers were sailors authorized by a government using letters of marque (authorization) to attack foreign vessels during wartime.

What were individuals born of European ancestry in the Americas called?Creoles

What two kings wanted to reassert royal authority but whose policies eventually lost them much of their empires in the New World?Charles III of Spain and George III of Britain

Of all the nineteenth century European political and economic conquests, what one nation would free itself before the twentieth century?

India

Japan

The Ottoman Empire

The Philippines

China

Who were two of the most influential Commonwealth Party writers between them wrote a series of 144 weekly essays entitled Cato's Letters?

Charles Fox

Thomas Gordon

John Trenchard

John Wilkes

Christopher Wyvil

In the Spanish New World, _________ were born of mixed European and Indian parentage. At first, they lived on the __________________until their numbers became so great that they integrated into all but the uppermost levels of society.

Mestizos

In 1776, ___________organized a 4th viceroyalty, the Rio de la Plata. And then to make tax collection more efficient he used his own royal tax collectors called ___________. Although his reforms did stimulate the imperial economy, nevertheless the increased control did not bring reforms that withstood the test of time and _________________.

fringes of society

Charles III

Intendants

revolutionary ideas

What institution gave the Spanish settlers the right to compel the Native Americans to work in their mines (or in fields and plantations)?

The Slave Trade

Encomienda

Audiencias

The Inquisition

The Flota System

What are the principal benefits of Joint Stock Companies?Joint Stock Companies spread risk (among _________) and make large profits possible (for the __________).

What name was given to conquered native peoples in the Spanish New World Colonies?

Amerindians

Where were the rich silver mines in Mexico located?

Zacatecas

investorsinvestors

Who boasted the America was won on the plains of Germany?

Lord Cornwallis

King George III

James Wolfe

William Pitt the Elder

William Pitt the Younger

In order to maximize profits, slave traders and merchants used what economic strategy?

The Middle Passage

Triangular Trade

Encomienda

Casa de Contratación

Engenhos

It is important to understand that European

____________ played an important role in

promoting capitalism and Joint Stock

Companies. They protected individual rights

to possess ________________ enforce

contracts, and _____________ between

parties in business transactions.

governments

private property

settle disputes

What was the name given to Portuguese run Plantations in Brazil were slaves suffered unspeakably and were afforded the fewest legal protections?

Consulado

Audiencias

Encomienda

Potosi

Engenhos

From the 1770s to the 1820s, what principal political events occurred in the Americas?

The British colonies along the North American Seaboard, Portuguese Brazil and the Spanish colonies of Mexico, Central America and South America won their freedom from their mother countries.

What era of expansion did these events bring to a close?

The Second Stage or Era of Mercantilist Empires

What British general surrendered to George Washington and the French at Yorktown?

William Pitt the Younger

John Wilkes

Lord North

The Earl of Bute

Lord Cornwallis

Slaves were often brought to the Americas via the Middle Passage. Why was it called the Middle Passage?It was called the Middle Passage because it formed the middle leg of Triangular Trade

Were was the only successful salve revolt in all history?San Dominique, which became the Republic of Haiti

What name was given to Euro-Americans who denounced slavery and the slave trade?

Abolitionists

Loyalists

Intendants

MPs

Commonwealthmen

Enslaved Africans found it very difficult to maintain of their own cultural traditions in the New World. They were thrust into a harsh life where European languages were spoken. Nevertheless, some were able to preserve their languages and religions. Many others lost their languages, but most began to speak _____________, which drew from African and European languages. Many became Christians, but, as in Africa, it was a ___________ Christianity. Sometimes, as in the Voodoo Cult in Haiti or the _________in Cuba, their new, mixed religions even developed an institutional structure.

Creole languages

syncretized

Santeria

What revolution paralleled the decline in the profitability of slavery?

Hatian

American

Creole

Industrial

French

Even though Lord North in 1773 led Parliament to pass a new law relating to the sale of tea by the English East India Company that actually lowered the price of tea, the outcry of new taxes led to what event?

The Boston Tea Party

As a result of the Boston Tea Party, Parliament passed __________________. What were its four provisions?

1. The Port of Boston was closed until the tea was paid for

2. the Massachusetts colonial government was reorganized3. Quartering of troops in private homes was authorized

4. The trials of royal customs officials were moved to England

The Intolerable Acts

When did the First phase of European Worldwide expansion end?

The mid-eighteenth century

The mid-nineteenth century

After the Napoleonic Wars

After World War I

With the defeat of the Spanish Armada

What does syncretism mean? Syncretism is the combination, fusion or mixing of different forms of belief or practice

Who was the fifty year old Aztec peasant who convinced the Bishop of Mexico that he had seen the Mother of God and what was she called?Juan Diego

What were the consequences of the Bishop’s belief in Juan Diego’s account and the miracle of the roses?Six million Azecs believed it was true and became Roman Catholics almost overnight.

Our Lady of Guadalupe

Who was said to be the ugliest man in England, and affirmed that it only took half an hour to talk away his face but fought for the right of voters—rather than special interests in the House of Commons— in order to determine their representatives?

John Wilkes

The Earl of Bute

John Trenchard

Christopher Wyvil

Lord North

Who said, Go, and tell your King that I will do the same, if he dares to do the same?Jose Fandiño, captain of the Spanish warship La Isabella

To whom did Fandiño say this?Robert Jenkins, captain of the British Brig, Rebecca

Why?

Fandiño had boarded the Rebecca, accused Jenkins of piracy and cut off Jenkins’ left ear.

What great British politician and member of Parliament was hailed the Renewer of Society because of his adamant opposition to slavery?

John Trenchard

William Wilberforce

Robert Jenkins

James Wolfe

John Wilkes

After Robert Jenkins produced his severed ear in

Parliament to prove Spanish atrocities. British

merchants and West Indian planters pressured the

Prime Minister, _______________, to fight, who

gave in and fought _________________ with Spain.

The war itself was a trade war marked by a series of

skirmishes and much privateering finally concluded

as a result of the War of the _______________.

Sir Robert Walpole

The War of Jenkins’ Ear

Austrian Succession

Before the Industrial Revolution and its boon of _______________________, mercantilists felt that the only way for a state to expand its wealth was: by governmental regulation of all internal trade.

by heavy taxation of the peasant and lower classes.

by the importation of African slaves.

by increased taxation of the growing middle classes.

at the expense of another state.

sustained economic growth

During the War of the Austrian Succession, in what three ways did Maria Theresa not only win the admiration of her people, but also preserved her authority in her empire?

1. Her personal heroism and leadership

2. Her granting more privileges to the aristocracy

3. Her recognizing Hungary as the more important of her crowns and her promise to the Magyar nobility of local autonomy

When Frederick II seized Silesia, what was more troubling to Europe’s monarchs than the violation of Charles VI’s edict that his daughter be allowed to inherit the Austrian throne?

Russia would become an ally with Frederick

Maria Theresa was unequipped to fight for her lands

Frederick upset the balance of power

Great Britain would be edged out of European politics

Silesia was more Polish than German or Hungarian

When Cardinal Fleury supported Prussia in the War of the Austrian Succession, what three consequences followed?

1. Frederick II was enabled to consolidate Prussia as a stronger German state.

2. Fleury brought Great Britain into the continental conflict because Britain wanted to make sure that the Netherlands, which was an Austrian possession, remained in the friendly hands of Austria, not France.

3. France was weakened by this two-front conflict because she lacked resources to fight BOTH Great Britain in the New World and Austria in the old

How did the War of the Austrian Succession end by the terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748?A stalemate

Who stalemated?Spain, France and Prussia stalemated with Britain and Austria

Nevertheless, who gained by the stalemate?

Prussia kept possession of Silesia and Britain kept her Asiento.

In January, 1756, what agreement did Great Britain and Prussia sign which was a defensive alliance that sought to prevent foreign troops from invading Germany?

The Convention of Saint-Dominique

Treaty of Paris

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

The Treaty of Hubertusburg

Convention of Westminster

In 1757, British forces under what general defeated France’s Indian ally, the Mughal Raja (ruler) of Bengal?Sir Robert Clive

What was the crucial battle in Clive’s triumph?

The Battle of Plassey

What treaty ended the Anglo-French portion of the Seven Year’s War?

The 1763 Treaty of Paris

On July 4 1776, the Continental Congress approved the

________________________, which drew upon

Enlightenment thinking and from _________________

tradition. It asserted that all men are created equal, that

they are endowed by their Creator with certain

unalienable Rights, which among these are Life, Liberty,

and the pursuit of Happiness. It echoed John Locke’s

___________________________in arguing that

government derives its power and authority from the

___________________.

Declaration of Independence

English Constitutional

contractual theory of government

consent of the governed

What two factors drove the Seven Years’ War?

Great Britain’s alliance with Russia

Austria’s determination to reclaim Silesia

Cardinal Fleury’s desire to reclaim the Netherlands

The Treaty of Hubertusburg

British and French colonial ambitions in North America

Frederick the Great (Frederick II) opened the Seven Years’ War by invading what ally of Austria?Saxony

Frederick the Great won many victories against great odds in the Seven Years’ War but lost more. What was he greatest defeat?The Battle of Kunersdorf in 1759 when the Russians and Austrians almost destroyed his entire army.

What stroke of luck allowed Frederick to “win”?The Empress Elizabeth died and her successor Peter III, who admired the Prussians and Frederick, recalled the Russian armies and made peace with Prussia.

Who defeated the French under Louis Joseph de Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham near Quebec City and won Canada for the British?

Lord Cornwallis

King George III

James Wolfe

William Pitt the Elder

William Pitt the Younger

In the 1763 Treaty of Paris, the French preferred to keep the small islands of Guadalupe and Martinique instead of the much larger New France or Canada. Why?

The lucrative Sugar Trade

Who negotiated the 1763 Treaty of Paris?John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute

What did Spain gain and lose by the 1763 Treaty of Paris?

Spain lost Florida to the British and received Louisiana from France.

Who became Prime Minister of Great Britain in 1764 and presided over the passage of the Sugar Act, which attempted to produce more revenue from imports (especially from sugar and molasses from British islands in the West Indies?

George Grenville

Charles Townshend

Lord North

Thomas Gordon

After the passage of the Sugar Act in 1764, what revenue enhancing Act was passed by Grenville in 1765?

The Stamp Act

Why did the British consider the Stamp Act leggal?

The British considered this tax legal because it was passed by Parliament and fair because the money was to be spent (so they said) in and for the colonies.

What were colonists called who fought for the British and/or sympathized with Great Britain?

Tories

What were the Royal tax collectors created by Charles III of Spain called?

Creoles

Corregidores

Intendants

Mestizos

Maroons

With regards to the Stamp Act, what three objections did the Stamp Act Congress of 1765 make to King George III and Parliament?

that (1) only colonial assemblies had a right to tax the colonies;

that (2) trial by jury was a right granted to all English citizens, and that the use of Admiralty Courts was an abuse of that right;

that (3) the colonists possessed all the rights of Englishmen and without voting rights, Parliament could not represent the colonists.

The period after the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was a resting period but what dramatic shift of alliances occurred in the Diplomatic Revolution 1756?

Prussia and Russia became allies

Austria and France became allies

Great Britain and Austria remained allies

Prussia and Great Britain broke their alliance

Russia and Great Britain remained allies

After the passage of the Stamp Act and the angry protests that followed, the colonists did something unexpected; they _______and refused to import British goods. This hit the British in the pocketbook. So the British repealed the Stamp act but passed what new legislation which asserted its power to tax the colonies. What was the legislation?

The Quebec Act

The Intolerable Acts

The Townshend Acts

The Declaratory Act

united

What is meant by Balance of Power?

Balance of Power is the political ideology that dictates that a nation’s security is increased or improved when military abilities are distributed among all nations, so _________________is strong enough to dominate any of the others

Which small and resource-poor European nation first rounded the southern tip of Africa and built the first Mercantilist Empire?Portugal

that no one nation

What treaty ended the Continental part of the Seven Years’ War by which Frederick II kept _______, Prussia gained enormous influence at the expense of Austria which in turn became more dependent than ever on its __________ territories?

The Convention of Saint-Dominique

Treaty of Paris

The Treaty of Hubertusburg

Convention of Westminster

Silesia

Hungarian

___________________ set a pattern in British-Colonial

relations that would last for ten years. Parliament, under

a royal minister, would approve new taxes or legislation

and the Americans would then resist by reasoned

argument, economic pressure

(______________________) and civil demonstrations

often with violence. Then the British would back down

and the cycle would begin again. But each time tempers

became more frayed and attitudes more _________ as

more and more colonists gradually evolved from

________________________.

The Stamp Act Crisis

boycotting British goods

hardened

Englishmen into Americans

In 1767 Charles Townshend, the British Finance Minister, led Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts which taxed many imports. The resulting stress and confusion led to sometimes violent demonstrations. What was the most violent of these?

The Boston Massacre

The Battle of Bunker Hill

St George's Fields Massacre

The Gordon Riots

What was the Quebec Act of 1774?The Quebec Act extended the boundaries of Quebec in British Canada to include the Ohio River valley

What was its purpose?The Quebec Act was designed to block American westward settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains.

The First Continental Congress was organized in the same year. What was its purpose?The First Continental Congress was organized to coordinate the colonial resistance to British action

In Chapter 13 we learned that the Dutch opened the first full-time stock exchange in1602 in Amsterdam. In 1571, what stock exchange did Queen Elizabeth I open?

The London Stock Exchange

Where would the British Raj be found?

New York

India

London

Canada

Where did the first clash take place between colonial militias and British troops take place? Lexington and Concord

Who published a pamphlet called Common Sense, in which he challenged the authority of the British government and first formally called for American Independence. ?Thomas Paine

Even before the First Continental Congress was organized to coordinate colonial resistance, what groups were set up to help the colonists make common cause?

Committees of Correspondence.

Who were highly outspoken Protestant political and economic reformers during the early 18th century who (along with John Locke) deeply impressed American colonial thinkers?

The Sons of Liberty

The Abolitionists

The Committees of Correspondence

The Tories

Commonwealthmen

Colonial Tories were pro British sympathizers. Who the British Tories in Parliament?

The Tories were the conservatives who supported a strong monarchy and the Anglican Church as the established church in England.

Who were the Whigs in Parliament?The Whigs were the liberals who were supporters of constitutional monarchy, great aristocratic families, the Hanoverian succession and toleration of non-Anglican Protestant churches

What political philosophy did the Commonwealthmen believe in which is the ideology of governing a nation is where the head of state is appointed by means other than heredity, often election?

Capitalism

Republicanism

Bullionism

Imperialism

Mercantilism

Colonial Tories were pro British sympathizers. Who the British Tories in Parliament?

The Tories were the conservatives who supported a strong monarchy and the Anglican Church as the established church in England.

Who were the Whigs in Parliament?The Whigs were the liberals who were supporters of constitutional monarchy, great aristocratic families, the ____________ succession and toleration of non-Anglican Protestant churches

Hanoverian

King George III was the first Hanoverian king whose first language was English. Which statement about him is most true?

He believed in the Divine Right of Kings

He refused to challenge Parliament on the appointment of government officials

He wanted to be a king, not a tyrant

He was the first king to support the Whigs since the death of Queen Anne

John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon together wrote a series of 144 weekly essays entitled Cato's Letters. What was their three most important criticisms?

First, they condemned the corruption and lack of morality within the British political system; and warned against the ________ that such a system engendered.

Second, that government patronage and the Parliamentary system begun by _________________ was corrupt and actually undermined liberty

Third, that Parliamentary taxation was corrupt

Fourth, that the maintenance of standing armies was a __________ act in itself

Sir Robert Walpole

tyranny

tyrannical

The American Constitution extended what had been begun during the __________________. The American colonists believed that they were preserving _______________________ against the tyranny of Parliament and King George III. And once their constitution was adopted, the Americans quickly insisted on a _____________ to protect their liberties.

Glorious Revolution

traditional English liberties

Bill of Rights

The greatest surprise of the American Revolution was __________. The new nation needed money for investment and British financiers were only too willing to lend money and so British trade with the Americans after independence actually increased – dramatically!

economic

Who became the editor of a newspaper, The North Britton, and in 1763 (in issue 45) strongly criticized Lord Bute’s handling of the Treaty of Paris for which he was promptly arrested?

Thomas Paine

George Grenville

John Trenchard

Christopher Wyvil

John Wilkes

For what three reasons did Yorkshire Movement Association come about?

First, the bungling of the war in North AmericaSecond, the policies of Lord NorthThird, high taxes

Who was the landowner and retired clergyman who organized the Yorkshire Movement Association?

Christopher Wyvil

What does lucrative mean?profitable

True or False: The American colonists demonstrated to Europe that a successful governmental structure could be established without kings or hereditary nobility.

True

Define Popular SovereigntyPopular Sovereignty is the principle that authority in government (the right to rule) comes from the consent of the people

After Parliamentary pressures brought George III’s opponent, ____________, William Pitt the Younger (with the king’s backing) accomplished what ?

He passed a moderate Reform Bill.

He forced George III to abdicate in favor of his son, George IV

He forced Christopher Wyvil into retirement

He organized a House of Commons favorable to the king.

He ended the war with the American colonists.

Charles Fox

As a result of the Treaty of Utrecht, what was the name given to the British contract that allowed the British to supply slaves and goods to Spanish colonies in the New World?

Mercantilism

Flota

Encomienda

Asiento

Audiencias