Chapter 16 Ecosystems and Biomes Biogeography. Biogeography studies the ecology of a spatial...
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Transcript of Chapter 16 Ecosystems and Biomes Biogeography. Biogeography studies the ecology of a spatial...
![Page 1: Chapter 16 Ecosystems and Biomes Biogeography. Biogeography studies the ecology of a spatial location across time Ecology examines the interaction of.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649c9a5503460f9495761d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 16Ecosystems and Biomes
Biogeography
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Biogeography studies the ecology of a spatial location across time
Ecology examines the interaction of a location’s abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) components
[an open system]
Ecology was coined/started about 100 years ago by Ellen Swallow at M.I.T.
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Biotic structure can be hypothesized as a hierarchy of complexity and energy demand within an even greater hierarchy of living and non-living elements of scientific study
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Ecology Studies Living / Non-Living Feedback Among
Organisms
Species
Populations
Communities
Ecosystems
Ecosphere (Biosphere)
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Laws of the Biosphere(1) Law of Production
- Biotic Potential [BP]
- carrying capacity
(2) Law of Adaptation
- Darwin’s Natural Selection
(3) Law of Fertility
- progression of
producer-consumer-decomposer
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Laws of the Biosphere, cont
(4) Law of Succession
- orderly and progressive sequence of vegetation introduction into newly created
or recently modified landscapes
- progression to climax vegetation
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Laws of the Biosphere, cont
(5) Law of Control
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Environmental Resistance [ER]
--- density dependent (ex:disease; parasites)
--- density independent (ex: climate; soil; human activity; catastrophe)
----- predation
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Connections: Energy Flow, Matter Cycling and Gravity
Life on Earth is dependent on three connected factors:
(1) One-way flow of high-quality (useable) energy from the sun
(recognizing existence of chemosynthesis)
(2) Cycling of matter and energy by living organisms through ecosystems
(3) Gravity – constrains atmosphere and creates downward movement of matter / energy cycles
(ex: rock cycle; gaseous cycle; biochemical cycle)
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Carbon and Oxygen Cycles
Figure 16.8
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The Nitrogen Cycle
Figure 16.9
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The Sun: Source of Energy for Life
Sun supplies radiant energy, visible light, energy for photosynthesis… primary productivity or biomass (C/sq. m/yr)
[6H2O+6CO2+energy --- C6H12O6+6O2]; factor behind unequal heating that creates
temperature zones and winds --- 72% hydrogen; 28% helium--- an immense fusion reactor
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The Sun: Source of Energy for Life
- A tiny percentage of solar ejected solar energy reaches the Earth [.0000001%]
--- 34% of this insolation is reflected by the atmosphere; remaining 66% warms the atmosphere/Earth surface
- Most of this energy will inturn become long wave infrared radiation to heat the atmosphere – natural greenhouse effect
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Functional Format: Chains/Webs
(1) Abiotic
(including Law of Tolerance/range of tolerance)
(2) Autotrophs
--- net primary productivity
terrestrials: insolation; soil moisture and nutrients; atmospheric CO2 / O2 / O3; plant age/species; etc
marine: water depth; turbidity; nutrient load; pollution; etc
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Functional Format: Chains/Webs, cont
(3) Heterotrophs (secondary productivity)(1) Herbivores
(2) Carnivores
(3) Omnivores
(4) Detritivores
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Functional Format: Chains/Webs (4) Decomposers
Ecological Pyramids
- pyramid of organism numbers
- biomass pyramid
- productivity
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A species occupies a habitat and operates within an ecological niche (niche)
- by niche, a species can be classified as a specialist or a generalist
And within an ecosystem will develop biotic associations between plant and animal communities
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Species in an Ecosystem
(1) Native Species
(2) Alien (or Immigrant) Species
(3) Indicator Species
(4) Keystone Species
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Traits of Vulnerable Species
(1) Restricted Range and Habitat
(2) Low Biotic Potential
(3) Non-Adaptative Behavior
(4) Specialized Diet
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Classification of Terrestrial Ecosystems
(1) Forest- moderate-to-high annual precipitation; tree and smaller mass vegetation patterns--- classes: tropical rainforest
tropical deciduous tropical shrub temperate deciduous evergreen coniferous
Restatement of Table 16.2, p. 542
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Classification of Terrestrial Ecosystems, cont
(2) Grasslands – average annual precipitation patterns sufficient to support grass/shrub vegetation; drought may be common; vegetation bordering on xerophytic
--- classes: tropical
temperate
arctic tundra
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Classification of Terrestrial Ecosystems, cont
(3) Deserts and semi-deserts- locations where evaporation exceeds precipitation; annual average precipitation < 10”; often nutrient-rich soil; frequently saltpan; true xerophytic vegetation --- classes: tropical
temperatecold semi-desert
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Classification of Marine Ecosystems
Why are the oceans important?
(1) the Earth surface is approximately 72% water
(2) Their role in: hydrologic cycle;
distribution of solar energy; CO2 sink;
generation of pressure systems; food source; habitat; minerals; pollution
dispersion; etc
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Classification of Marine Ecosystems, cont
Ocean Zones
Oceans have two major life zones
(1) Coastal - relatively warm; nutrient rich; high-water mark to continental shelf; <10% of ocean area, contains 90% of marine species; high net primary
productivity per unit of area
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(1) Coastal, cont
--- coral reefs – most threatened ecosystem in coastal zone
We’ve mentioned:
--- estuaries
--- coastal wetlands
--- beaches – barrier and rocky
--- barrier islands
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(2) Open Ocean-vast area of Earth oceans; only about 10% of marine
species inhabit; average net primary productivity per unit is low
-comprised by three vertical zones
--- euphotic
--- bathyl
--- abyssal