Chapter 15

Chapter 16Putting It All Together, Explaining Crime Trends

1We can place the methods of crime control discussed thus far into three categoriesEffective Crime ControlFailuresUncertaintiesConclusions should be viewed as tentativeA Quick Review

2Effective crime control includesHiring more policeDirected patrol of drug and gun violence hot spotsBroken windows policingDeferred sentencing, especially of drug offendersChemical castration of certain sex offenders, coupled with counselingMorals and reasoning training for low-level offendersTreatment (with a cognitive-behavioral component) for drug and sex offendersSome correctional industries and prison vocational programsDrug courts, but the voluntariness problem persistsParent training and educationMultisystemic therapy for familiesEffective Crime Control

3Certain anti-gang interventionsCertain publicity campaignsBuilding school administrative capacityNormative education in schoolsCertain school interventions to teach students resistance skills, but not DARE and GREATStudent behavior modification programsTargeting residences for environmental improvements/modificationsElectronic article surveillance in retail establishmentsIncreased inventorying to deter employee theftImproving the physical appearance of mass transit facilities(Continued)

4Security measures to improve mass transit operators securityAnti-fare evasion initiativesTarget hardening of pay phones and parking metersGuards/security officers stationed in parking garagesAdditional street lightingCertain drug use prevention programs, such as the Midwest Prevention ProjectBig Brothers and Big SistersFunctional Family Therapy for families with problem childrenLike Skills Training for juvenilesNurse-Family PartnershipsMultidimensional Treatment Foster Care(Continued)

5Bullying preventionThe Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies programOther juvenile crime prevention programsCertain treatment programs for juvenile delinquents(Continued)

6Failures includeOne officer in lieu of two officer patrols311Reactive policingRandom patrolRapid response to 911 callsMore detectivesCollege degrees for copsPolice residency requirementsProactive arrests of specific offenders, including drug offendersMoving the police out into the community to engage in a specific strategy such as citizen contact or to organize neighborhood watch programsFailures

7Bringing the community to the policeVictim assistancePreventive detentionMost methods of restricting and regulating guns, with the possible exception of the Brady lawGun buy-backsSentence enhancements for gun crimeMandatory sentencing in all its forms, including three-strikesCapital punishment for adults and juvenilesIntensive supervision probation and parole(Continued)

8Home confinement and electronic monitoringBoot camps for adults and youthFamily preservation therapyGang membership preventionDAREScared Straight(Continued)

9Uncertainties includePrivate policingPolice-corrections partnershipsMultijurisdictional drug task forcesMilitary partnerships and militarizationTechnology and less-lethal weaponsCompstatThird-party policingIntegrated/multifaceted community policing initiativesNo drop prosecution policiesPolice-prosecutor partnershipsFederal-state prosecution partnershipsProject Safe NeighborhoodsUncertainties

10Community prosecutionDeferred prosecutionSetting bail at a high levelIncapacitation methods, including selective incapacitation and involuntary civil commitmentFines, fees, and forfeitureGun bans and the criminalization of drugsPatriot ActSarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002Jessicas LawLong prison sentencesDeterminate sentencingSentence enhancements for hate crimesSex offender registrationAnti-gang injunctions(Continued)

11Traditional probation and paroleHybrid intermediate sanctionsSupermax prisonsAnger managementImproved victim awarenessLife skills training for adultsPrison education programsPrison work releaseJob training for the general populationHousing dispersal and mobility programsReentry initiativesStand-alone diversion programsShamingRestorative justice(Continued)

12Problem-solving courts, with the possible exception of drug courtsSelf-defense with a gun and guns as deterrents to individual victimizationRisk avoidance and risk managementIncreased welfare spendingMinuteman projectFinancial assistance to communitiesCommunity mobilizationYouth mentorshipAfter-school programsImproving classroom instructionSeparate classrooms for at-risk youthOther school-based interventions aimed at specific studentsGREATClosed-circuit television in residential/public areas(Continued)

13Two instead of one clerk in convenience storesSecurity systems and barricades in/outside retail establishmentsBank security measuresBar and tavern security measuresAirport securityStreet closuresSeveral juvenile crime prevention programsTeen courtsYouth accountability boardsMost forms of traditional adjudication for juveniles, with the possible exception of treatmentJuvenile curfew enforcementJuvenile waiversHabitual juvenile offender laws(Continued)

14Three important themes emerged throughout the bookThe solution to crime appears to lie beyond the justice systemEarly intervention is necessaryMuch additional research is necessaryThree Important Themes

15There were nationwide reductions in crime during the 1990s The numbersHomicide down 43 percent by 200133.6 and 28.8 percent reductions in UCR violent and property crimeNCVS estimated more than 50 percent reductionsCrime went down, even in the face of doom and gloom predictionsExplaining Crime Trends

16Five liberal explanations of the crime decline in the 1990s have been identifiedEconomic conditionsDemographic shiftsCitizen attitudesFamily conditionsGun controlLiberal Explanations

17Conservatives have offered up several explanations for the decline in crime during the 1990sMore and better policingMore prisonersOther criminal justice policiesMore concealed weapons permitsMore capital punishmentConservative Explanations

18Other explanations for the decline in crime during the 1990s includeCultural shiftsWaning of the crack epidemicLegalization of abortionOther Explanations

19Putting it all together and explaining crime trends.Colcnusion

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