Chapter 15Chapter 15

The Nation Breaking Apart

1846-1861

Economic and Social Differences

• South – Controlled by a small number of wealthy planters. The Economy is based on agriculture. Cotton exports drive the economy.

• Most southerners did not own slaves and were poor. Slavery kept them off of the bottom of society.

• There was very little industry in the south.

Economic and Social Differences

• North – Cities with manufacturing industries drive the northern economy.

• The east and north had vast amounts of roads, canals,& railroads. Not so in the south.

• Immigration from Europe led to growth in cities and overall population

Economy of the South and North

• Agricultural South • Industrial North

The Compromise of 1850

• Conflict over whether the lands of the Mexican Cession would be slave or free led to the need for another compromise.

• The key points of Henry Clay’s plan:• 1. To keep the north happy California would be admitted as a free

state, and the slave trade would end in Washington D.C..• 2. The keep the south happy congress would allow the rest of the

won territory to decide for themselves whether to be slave or free. A fugitive slave law would be passed requiring the return of all escaped slaves.

Henry Clay

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

• An 1850 law that help recapture escaped slaves.

• Northerner were required by law to aid in the recapture, which was something many opposed on moral grounds.

“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”

• A novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe

• The book is the fictional tale of Tom and his life under three owners.

• It was very popular in the north (abolitionist) and considered false and negative in the south.

“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”Illusrates the evils of slavery

• Harriet Beecher Stowe

Kansas – Nebraska Act

• Divided the Nebraska Territory into two territories Nebraska and Kansas

• Allowed the people of the territories to decide whether to be slave or free (popular sovereignty).

• This would repeal the Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise.• The act was approved.• Pro-free and Pro-slave groups enter the area to

influence the decision. The area was called “BLEEDING KANSAS” because of the violence.

• Fighting ever occurred in the U.S. senate.

The Republican Party 1854

• Because of the Kansas and Nebraska act the WHIG PARTY split.

• Northern WHIGS who opposed slavery, formed the REPUBLICANREPUBLICAN PartyParty.

• Because of the problems in Kansas many people in the north supported the new party.

• The 1856 election showed that the Republicans had power although they did not win, they were growing in support. The election also showed a split in the nation over slavery.

Dred Scott Case

• Scott sued for his freedom because he had live in area where slavery was illegal.

• Then he return to a slave area (Missouri)• After he owners death he sued saying

because he had lived in a free area he should be free.

• The Supreme Court decided the following:The Supreme Court decided the following:• 1. Scott was not a citizen and could not sue in U.S. courts• 2. When he was in free areas he was still the property of his owner• 3. BIG ONE –The Chief Justice Roger B. Taney argued that the

Congress could not ban slavery in a territory. Because it violated the property rights of slave holders.

Dred Scott

Lincoln and Douglas Debated

• A series of debated between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas

• The debates are models for political debate

• “ A house divided against itself cannot A house divided against itself cannot stand”stand” A. Lincoln

Lincoln and Douglas Debated

John Brown’s Raid

• John Brown leads a raid on Harper’s Ferry

• Va. to capture Army weapons to arm slaves.

• He is stopped and later hung. He was a hero for those opposed to slavery and a villain to southerners.

John Brown

The election of 1860

• Lincoln runs as the Republican candidate• Douglas “ “ “ N. Democratic “• Breckenridge “ “ S. Democratic “• Bell “ “ “ Union “

• Lincoln was not on the ballot in the south, and if he won southern states would likely secede.

• Lincoln wins!!!!!!! & Secession Begins!!!!!

The Confederate States of America

• In 1860 states began to leave the union

• 1860 Dec. South Carolina

• 1861 Miss., Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas

• Formed the Confederate States of Confederate States of AmericaAmerica

• With Jefferson Davis as PresidentWith Jefferson Davis as President

• Efforts to compromise failed

Chapter 16

• The Civil War begins 1861-1862

First shots at Fort Sumter

• April 12th 1861, Southern forces fire on Fort Sumter off the coast of Charleston, South Carolina.

• After 34 hours of shelling the Union forces under Major Richard Anderson surrendered the fort. No one was killed in the attack.

Other states leave the Union

• Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, & North Carolina

• Non seceding border states• Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and

Missouri

Confederate General Robert E. Lee

• May 1861 he leaves the Union army to serve his home state of Virginia.

• He was the commander of the Army of Northern Virginia

• Confederate President Jefferson Davis

General Robert E. Lee

Compare North and South

• Northern population 22 million • (South had 9 million 3.5mil. were slaves)• North had 71% of all railroads• (South had 29% of all railroads)• North had 85% of manufacturing plants• (South had 15% of manufacturing plants)• North had 92% of industrial workers• (South had 8% of industrial workers)

Confederate (southern) Plan

• Defend southern lands and wait for the north to accept southern independence.

• Use cotton exports to gain support in Europe KING COTTON.KING COTTON. Although Europe did not wish to get involved

• Later the plan change to one of winning big victories to destroy Union morale and end the war.

Union (northern) Plan

• The Anaconda Plan-The Anaconda Plan- squeeze by ocean blockade, capture of the Miss. River and land invasion. The south would be smothered economically no trade from Europe and no supplies from other trade sources. It would take a long time to complete. Some wanted to win with quicker more costly land battles.

The Anaconda Plan

1st Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)

• Southern Victory • Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard• defeated Union General Irvin Mc Dowell

• The Northern troops were near victory when a second wave of Southern troops entered the battle sending the union boys running in retreat. (first heard the REBEL REBEL YELL!!!)YELL!!!)

Who Fought the war??

• 2 million Northern Men and Boys

• 1million Southern Men and Boys

• The conditions were very bad, hygiene was poor leading to illness and death. Improved weapons led to increases in numbers wounded and killed. The south especially suffer from a lack of the most basic medical and military supplies.

New Technologies of War

• The RIFLERIFLE replaced the musket. Shooting long and more accurate distances.

• Iron CladIron Clad ships could take a pounding with little or no damage examples –The Monitor (Northern) and the Merrimack(Southern) who battled off the coast of Virginia 1862

The Battle of Shiloh

• Fought April 6th 1862, in Tennessee between the Confederates under Gen. Albert S. Johnston & the Union troops under Gen. Ulysses S. Grant.

• Both sides thought they could have a victory, but Gen. Johnston was killed and Grant brought in fresh troops to forces the Confed. to retreat.

• UNION VICTORY FOR GRANT

Other Battles in 1862

• New Orleans is capture by the Union, April 25, 1862. But Confederate troops still controlled the Miss. River by holding Vicksburg, Miss.

• Southern General Lee defeat Union General Mc Clellan at the Seven day’s Battle on June 25th to July1, 1862.

• In August 1862 South wins 2nd battle at Bull Run

Bloody Battle at Antietam

• Hoping to force peace Gen. Lee invaded the north.

• Using captured battle plans McClellan attacked Lee at Antietam Creek, 25,000 Americans were killed in one day of fighting. Lee retreated but, McClellan did not follow him. Lincoln fired McClellan for not destroying Lee when he had the chance.

Chapter 17Chapter 17

• The Tide of War Turns 1863-1865

Reminder of Union and Confederate leaders

• U.S. President Abraham Lincoln

• U.S. General Ulysses S. Grant

• Confederate President Jefferson Davis

• Confederate General Robert E. Lee

Civil War leaders North and South:Civil War leaders North and South:U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, U.S. General Ulysses S. Grant &

Confederate President Jefferson Davis , Confederate General Robert E. Lee

The Emancipation Proclamation 1863

• Many including Frederick Douglass had pushed for Lincoln to free the slaves.

• He was slow to do so.• But, to weaken the south, he took action after

Lee’s defeat at Antietam.• He issues the Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation on

January 1, 1863. Freeing all slaves in slave territories, but not the border states this would happen gradually.

The Emancipation Proclamation 1863

Reaction

• Some in the North were not in favor

• Abolitionist did not feel it when far enough

• Union soldiers were happy because it hurt the south.

• The south was in a rage !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

African American Soldiers enlist

• For the first time African Americans enter the war as soldiers. The were not treated as equals.

• The 54th Massachusetts was formed

Southern Problems

• State’s Rights kept even the Confederate states for being able to cooperate.

• People disliked law of Conscription (DRAFT) on both sides. All able bodies men 18 to 45

• Economically the south had very high prices, money with little value and people barely able to survive.

• Milk $10.00 a quart, Eggs $6.00 a dozen• And so on

Women in the War

• They worked as nurses

• Spies

• Some fought

• Most work at home in the war effort. Running farms and work in work related industries

****Important****The Battle of Gettysburg

• The Turning Point of the War!!!!!!!!!!!!!!The Turning Point of the War!!!!!!!!!!!!!!• Several loses led to several command changes for the Union.

• The Battle of Gettysburg July 1 – July 3 1863• 90,000 Union troop fought 75,000 Confederate troops at Gettysburg

Penn.• On July 3rd Lee order Gen. George Pickett to attack the Union

center with 13,000 men. Pickett’s Charge failed to brake the Union line.

• Southern forces retreated with 28,000 men killed or wounded. The winning Union army under Gen. George Mead had 23,000 killed or wounded.

• THIS WAS THE BEGINNING OF THE END FOR THE SOUTH

Pickett’s Charge

Siege of Vicksburg

• July 4, 1863 Gen. U.S. Grant defeated Confederate forces and gained control of the Miss. River.

• Grant had started his siege in May, and the Confederates only surrendered when they were totally out of supplies. No more food.

• Union controlled the ocean, Miss. River and land. The Anaconda plan was successful

Siege of Vicksburg

Sherman’s TOTAL WAR

• Gen. Sherman pursues the confederates pushing to the coast and up the southern coast.

• Total War destroy all that would benefit the south crops, train tracks, buildings etc

• Across Georgia a area 60miles by 300miles was totally destroyed

Election of 1864

• Lincoln defeated former Gen. George Mc Clellan to win a second term.

• 55% present of the vote went to Lincoln

Grants Va. Campaign

• Battles –Wilderness, Cold Harbor, & Petersburg

• Grant captured the Confederate Capitol at Richmond Va. On April3 1864

Surrender at Appomattox

• April 9, 1865

• Gen. Robert E. Lee surrendered to U.S. Gen. Grant at Appomattox Court House Virginia.

• Grants terms of surrender were very generous.

• WAR WAS ENDED!!

Treaty Signing at Appomattox Court House Virginia.

Killed and Wounded

• 360,000 Union died

• 260,000 Confederate died

• 275,000 additional wounded Union

• 260,000 additional wounded Confederate

• 3,000,000,000 total Americans in service

Ending Slavery

• Because the Emancipation Proclamation

did not end slavery in all of America, Congress was urged by Lincoln to END SLAVERY

• The 13th Amendment was passed banning slavery

Lincoln’s Assassination

• Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth

• At Ford’s Theatre five days after the surrender.

Consequences of the War

• The Federal government was superior.

• Industry grew in the north because of the war

• The south would have to be rebuilt

Chapter 18

•Reconstruction

Reconstruction1865 - 1877

• Freedmen’s Bureau – A government agency that provide help for freed slaves. food, clothing, schools, hospitals in the former confederacy

• Black Codes – restrictive law that limited freedoms for former slaves in the south.

Amendments

• The 13th Amendment – amendment that abolished slavery.

• The 14th Amendment – protected the rights of U.S. Citizenship for blacks as well as white.

• The 15th Amendment – guarantees the right to vote for all male citizensvote for all male citizens regardless of race