Chapter 15: The Biosphere and Chapter 16: Human Impact on Ecosystems
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Transcript of Chapter 15: The Biosphere and Chapter 16: Human Impact on Ecosystems
Freshman Honors Biology
Chapter 15: Biomes in the BiosphereA biome is a complex system of land
communities that cover a large areaFor example: Tropical rain forests, desert,
tundraBiomes have unique climate ranges
Climate is the specific weather pattern of an area over a period of timeFor example: Climate of Indiana is that we
have four seasons; climate of Antarctica is that they have frozen water with very little snow.
Climate ZonesThe world is divided into three climatic
zones:Polar
Cold, non-humid temperatures Geographic range: Canada to the North Pole
Tropical Hot, humid temperature range Geographic range: Florida to the Equator
Temperate Mild climate; seasonal changes Geographic range: Florida to Canada
Climate & BiomesSo what influences climate?
LatitudeLocation on landmass (on the coast or inland?)Proximity to land features, like mountain ranges
Biomes have specific climate patternsBecause each species is adapted to live in a
specific set of environmental conditions, animals and plants usually die if a climate changes too muchFor example, if Indiana were to become like it was
in the Ice Age, most plants and animals would die because they couldn’t adapt to the colder weather.
Biomes, ContinuedOrganisms that live in a specific biome have
unique adaptationsGives them a better ability to live successfully
in that environmentExamples:
Cactus living in the desert that has a waxy coating to prevent water loss
Mountain goats living on top of mountains have very thick fur coats to prevent internal body temperature drop
RA ActivityEach student will read and learn about the 6
major biomesText: Pages 462-467 (Alligator)Other resources: Biomes Overview Video (26 min)
Your task: Create a tree map with each of the different
Biomes Include all pertinent info about each Biome!
Biome ExamplesTundraBoreal ForestTemperate ForestTemperate Woodland/ShrublandTemperate GrasslandDesertTropical SavannaTropical Seasonal ForestTropical Rain Forest
Commensalism
Biomes in DetailDeserts (hot & cold)
VERY little rainPlants and animals have adaptations to prevent
water lossTropical Rainforest/Jungle
Rain amount is very highTemperatures are stable around 75°F
Grassland (temperate/savannah)Savannah – think Safari!Temperate – like Indiana
More BiomesArctic/Tundra
Also have very little rainContain permafrost (topsoil is frozen year-round)
Deciduous ForestLeaves change colors, die, and fall to the ground
Mountainous (taiga)Animals include moose, eagles, mountain lions and
goatsSwamp/Marsh
Very moist soil, often with standing waterPlants include mangroves and lily pads
More BiomesPond/Lake
Sitting bodies of waterAnimals include turtles, fish (carp, trout, bass, etc.),
egret birdsRiver/Stream
Flowing bodies of waterAnimals include salmon, eagles, brown bears
EstuaryWhere rivers/streams meet the saltwater of the oceanFor example: New Orleans
OceanSeveral depths create many animal adaptationsRead “Open Ocean Ecosystems” on page 80 in the Zebra
book with your partner – do a Think Aloud.
RA Activity – Marine EcosystemsPages 468-470 (15.4 Alligator book)
1’s read “Intertidal Zone”2’s read “Open Ocean Ecosystems”3’s read “Coastal ocean and coral reefs”
We will then rotate and discuss! Take GOOD notes!
16.1: Human Population GrowthDemography is the study of the size of
human populationsGrowth rates are controlled by the same
factors as animal populationsBirth Rate Death RateImmigration and EmigrationAge Structure
Historical Demography•Human population used to be low and relatively stable
•Limited by resources and disease
•Past 500 years•Exponential growth as limits have been removed
Histogram depicting the number of people in each age category within a population (Figure 14, page 104, Zebra book)
Can be used to predict future growth
What effect does Human Population Growth have on Pollution?
WaterChemicals, Trash, Temperatures, Noise, Eutrophication (causes algae overgrowth)
LandChemicals, Trash
AirChemicals and Noise
Acid Precipitation Effects
Effects of Pollution: Ozone Depletion; Ozone; Greenhouse Effect
While watching the BrainPop clips, answer the following:1. What is ozone?
Include chemical formula!
2. Why is it important to the atmosphere?
Water Quality & Pollution: Biological MagnificationChemical pollutant
becomes more concentrated as it moves up the trophic levels within a food chain or web
Very dangerous for top level predators
Fig. 16.11, page 495
Threats to BiodiversityHabitat Loss
DeforestationOverexploitation (overuse)Habitat FragmentationPollution
Biomagnification, Acid PrecipitationIntroduction of Invasive SpeciesThreats to Biodiversity
Overexploitation (overuse)The excessive use of species that have
economic valueBison hunted for meat, hides, and just for sport
Population went from 50 million to 1000Passenger pigeons
Now extinctOcelot and white rhinoceros
Overexploitation used to be the number one reason for extinction; now it’s habitat destruction
Habitat Loss
Habitat Fragmentation – page 499
Invasive (Introduced)SpeciesAlso called non-
native speciesIntroduced to new
habitat Often grows
without check because of lack of natural predators or disease in the area
Pages 500-501
Losing BiodiversitySpecies experiences a decline in growthThreatened
Canadian lynxPrairie dog
Endangered Bald EagleMany Marine Mammals
ExtinctDodoPassenger Pigeon
Section 3: Conserving BiodiversityPages 502-505Class Activity: reading “16.5 Conservation” 1’s Read “Sustainable Development…”2’s Read “Conservation practices…”Think Aloud with your table partner and take
your own notes on “Protecting Earth’s Resources…”