Chapter 15 The Atmosphere. You breathe out of which layer?
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Transcript of Chapter 15 The Atmosphere. You breathe out of which layer?
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Chapter Chapter 1515The The
AtmospherAtmospheree
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You breathe out of which layer?
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The air we breathe and The air we breathe and all the weather we see all the weather we see is contained in the is contained in the lowest 1% of the lowest 1% of the Earth’s atmosphere.Earth’s atmosphere.
The air we breathe and The air we breathe and all the weather we see all the weather we see is contained in the is contained in the lowest 1% of the lowest 1% of the Earth’s atmosphere.Earth’s atmosphere.
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Take a deep breath
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What is air made out of?What is air made out of?
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Is air strong? Is it matter?Is air strong? Is it matter?
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Why is our atmosphere Why is our atmosphere important? Why doesn’t it float important? Why doesn’t it float
awayaway
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Chapter 15 Big IdeaChapter 15 Big Idea
Our atmosphere is Our atmosphere is critical to all life on critical to all life on Earth. Human actions Earth. Human actions have a great impact on have a great impact on our atmosphere.our atmosphere.
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Section: Earth’s AtmosphereSection: Earth’s Atmosphere Describe the properties of the Describe the properties of the
atmosphere.atmosphere. Identify the main layers of the Identify the main layers of the
atmosphere.atmosphere. Explain how heat is transferred Explain how heat is transferred
in the atmospherein the atmosphere
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What is the Atmosphere?What is the Atmosphere?
The The atmosphere atmosphere is a thin is a thin layer of layer of gases gases surroundinsurrounding our g our planetplanet
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Why is the ATMOSPHERE Why is the ATMOSPHERE important?important?
Earth’s atmosphere makes life on Earth possible.
1. Protects us from sun’s rays.2. Provides vital gases like
oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
3. Keeps temperature comfortable
4. Allows water to circulate around planet.
5. Protects us from meteoroids.
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The Air Around YouWeatherWeather
Weather is the state of the atmosphere at any one moment.
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What is it made of?What is it made of?
Earth’s Atmosphere Earth’s Atmosphere is made of:is made of:
1.1. 78 % Nitrogen78 % Nitrogen
2.2. 21% Oxygen21% Oxygen
3.3. 1% a bunch of 1% a bunch of others (Argon, others (Argon, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor…)Water Vapor…)
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Water in the AirWater in the Air
Relative HumidityRelative HumidityAmount of water vapor in the airChanges constantlyWarm Air = More MoistureCondensation = Clouds
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Air PressureAir Pressure
The force of a The force of a column of air column of air pushing down pushing down on an areaon an area
Where is air Where is air pressure greater, pressure greater, sea level or top of sea level or top of a mountain?a mountain?
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As altitude increases air pressure decreases…quickly
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BarometersBarometers
An An instrument instrument used to used to measure measure air air pressure.pressure.
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Changing air pressure is a great indicator of weather changes.
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Air pressureAir pressure
Differences in air Differences in air pressure is going pressure is going to help us to help us understand:understand:
1.1. WindWind
2.2. Cloud formationCloud formation
3.3. TornadoesTornadoes
4.4. Almost all Almost all weatherweather
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Four Main Layers of Four Main Layers of AtmosphereAtmosphere
The four main layers The four main layers of our atmosphere of our atmosphere are classified are classified according to according to changes in changes in temperature.temperature.
TroposphereTroposphere StratosphereStratosphere MesosphereMesosphere ThermosphereThermosphere
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The TroposphereThe Troposphere
The Troposphere:The Troposphere: Inner most layerInner most layer
(0 to 12km)(0 to 12km) Where all Where all
weather occursweather occurs The temperature The temperature
decreases decreases to -60 to -60 degrees at top.degrees at top.
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The TroposphereThe Troposphere
Clouds, rain, Clouds, rain, snow and all snow and all precipitation precipitation occur here.occur here.
Air Pressure and Air Pressure and Temperature Temperature drop quickly in drop quickly in troposphere.troposphere.
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StratosphereStratosphereLayer above Layer above
troposphere where troposphere where atmosphere atmosphere warms slightlywarms slightly
Ozone layer located Ozone layer located there blocks out there blocks out harmful UV Raysharmful UV Rays
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MesosphereMesosphere ““Middle Layer”Middle Layer”
Temperatures Temperatures reach -90 degrees reach -90 degrees CelsiusCelsius
Where Where meteoroids burn meteoroids burn up in up in atmosphereatmosphere
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ThermosphereThermosphere “Thermo” means heat Air is only 0.0001 % as
dense as sea level Air slowly blends into
outer space Hottest layer of
atmosphere because energy from the sun strikes it first
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Heat Transfer in the Heat Transfer in the TroposphereTroposphere
1) Radiation: The transfer of energy through space, such as heat from the sun to Earth’s atmosphere
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2) Conduction: The transfer of heat directly between two objects that are in contact
Heat Transfer in the Heat Transfer in the TroposphereTroposphere
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3) Convection: The transfer of heat by the movement of currents within a fluid (liquid or gas)
Heat Transfer in the Heat Transfer in the TroposphereTroposphere
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Air Masses And Fronts
The Air Outside Today, Was Somewhere Else Yesterday
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What IS An Air Mass?What IS An Air Mass?An Air Mass is a An Air Mass is a
huge body of huge body of air with similar air with similar temperature, temperature, humidity and humidity and pressure.pressure.
They sometimes They sometimes spread over spread over hundreds of square hundreds of square miles. miles.
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Types of Air MassesThere are 4 main There are 4 main
types of air types of air masses:masses:
1) Polar1) Polar
2) Tropical2) Tropical
3) Maritime3) Maritime
4) Continental4) Continental
Each has unique Each has unique weather weather associated with it.associated with it.
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4 Major Air Masses of 4 Major Air Masses of North AmericaNorth America
1. Maritime Tropical: Warm, Moist Air2. Maritime Polar: Cold, Moist Air3. Continental Tropical: Warm, Dry
Air4. Continental Polar: Cold, Dry Air
Where do they originate?
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What Are Fronts?Fronts are areas Fronts are areas
where 2 or where 2 or more air more air masses collide. masses collide.
Air with different Air with different temperature, temperature, humidity and humidity and pressure DO pressure DO NOT MIX WELL.NOT MIX WELL.
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Types of FrontsThere are four
types of front:1) Cold Front2) Warm Front3) Stationary
Front4) Occluded
Front
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Cold FrontsCold Fronts occur Cold Fronts occur
where cold air where cold air runs into slowly runs into slowly moving warm air.moving warm air.
Cold air being Cold air being more dense more dense pushes warm air pushes warm air up. Warm moist up. Warm moist rising air can rising air can cause clouds and cause clouds and storms.storms.
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Cold FrontsCold Fronts
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Warm FrontsWarm FrontsWarm Fronts
occur where a warm air mass collides with a slower moving cold air mass.
Because warm air is less dense, it rides above the cold air.
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Warm FrontsWarm Fronts
move more slowly than cold fronts so weather changes occur more slowly.
In winter they often bring snow.
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Warm FrontsWarm Fronts
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Section: Pollution of The Section: Pollution of The AtmosphereAtmosphere
What are the main sources of air pollution?
Describe how smog forms Explain what a temperature inversion is
and how it can make are pollution worse.
TERMS: primary and secondary air pollution, catalytic converter, ZEVs, smog, temperature inversion
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What Causes Air Pollution?
Air pollution is Air pollution is harmful harmful substances in the substances in the airair
To plants, animals To plants, animals and other organismsand other organisms
Impact ecosystem Impact ecosystem functionsfunctions
WHAT SHOULD BE IN WHAT SHOULD BE IN THE AIR?THE AIR?
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Some Natural Most Human Made
Can you think of other human made AND natural sources of air pollution?
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Primary vs. Secondary
Primary pollutant: put directly in the air
(soot from smoke)
Secondary forms when primary pollutant react with other pollutants
(Smog)
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Primary vs. Secondary
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Primary vs. Secondary
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Sources of Air PollutionMain Sources of Air
Pollution Burning fossil fuels
in cars and at power plants (coal, oil and natural gas)
Urban areas vehicles and industry
Mobile vs. Stationary Sources
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What can you learn from this graph?
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Human Made vs. Natural
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History of Air Pollution Not a new problem Why do you think world air-quality
today is a bigger problem?
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History of Air Pollution Not a “new” problem,
but scale has changed during industrial revol.
London “smog” killed 2,000 in 1880, 1,000 in 1911 and between 4,000 and 12,000 in 1952
1948 Donora PA 6,000 sick
1963 NYC 300 killed
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Today’s U.S. Air Quality
http://airnow.gov/U.S. Government Web Site With Up To Minute Air Quality
Data From Monitors Across the country
http://www.epa.gov/air/data/geosel.html
U.S. EPA Air Quality Data: Tons of data regarding air quality across the U.S.
http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/EPA report on air trends in U.S.
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Smog(Smoky – Fog) Smog(Smoky – Fog) Smog Secondary Pollutant Secondary Pollutant
in many urban areasin many urban areas Forms from Forms from
chemical reaction chemical reaction Vehicle exhaustVehicle exhaust Needs sunlight and Needs sunlight and
warm temperatureswarm temperatures OZONEOZONE
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Smog
Huge Problem in cities …WHY?
Smog Levels Are Influenced By:Local climateTopographyPopulation DensityAmount of industryTransportation
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Smog: Why care?Smog Impacts:Breathing ProblemsCoughing, Eye IrritationAggravates asthma, heart problemsSpeeds up aging of lung tissueDamage plantsReduce Visibility
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Smog and Temperature Inversion
Normally as you go up in the troposphere what happens to temperature?
Temperature Inversion occurs when a warmer layer forms above a cooler layer
Traps air near ground
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Temperature Inversion
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Helena Montana
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Clean Air Act
U.S. Law Passed Congress in 1963 and strengthened 1990Has been huge success
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Since the Clean Air Act Since the Clean Air Act was first enacted in was first enacted in 1963, emissions of the 1963, emissions of the worst pollutants in the worst pollutants in the U.S. have decreased U.S. have decreased by 57%.by 57%.
Since the Clean Air Act Since the Clean Air Act was first enacted in was first enacted in 1963, emissions of the 1963, emissions of the worst pollutants in the worst pollutants in the U.S. have decreased U.S. have decreased by 57%.by 57%.
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Clean Air Act
Cars today are about 95% cleaner running
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Zero-Emission Vehicles (ZEV)
Have no tailpipe emissions
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Chevy Volt 2010: will travel 30 miles on a battery before gas engine kicks in
Nissan Leaf travels about 100 miles before needing to be charged again
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f48x9baSuF0
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Clean Air Act
Requires industries to clean up smokestack emissionsRequires Scrubbers
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Scrubbers
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Section Review
What are the main sources of air pollution?
Describe how smog forms Explain what a temperature
inversion is and how it can make are pollution worse.
TERMS: primary and secondary air pollution, catalytic converter, ZEVs, smog, temperature inversion
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What will be the future?