Chapter 15

The Age of Religious Wars and

Overseas Expansion

France in the early 16France in the early 16thth CenturyCentury

I. I. Politics, Religion and WarPolitics, Religion and War The The Treaty of Cateau-CambresisTreaty of Cateau-Cambresis

(1559) ended the long conflict (1559) ended the long conflict between the Hapsburgs and the between the Hapsburgs and the Valois.Valois. Spain was the victor because it acquired Spain was the victor because it acquired

the most territories.the most territories. To pay for the Hapsburg-Valois wars To pay for the Hapsburg-Valois wars

Francis I imposed a land tax (taille)Francis I imposed a land tax (taille) Sold government offices creating a Sold government offices creating a

tax exempt “nobility of the robe”tax exempt “nobility of the robe”

Concordat of BolognaConcordat of Bologna

Francis gained Francis gained power to appoint power to appoint Bishops, a source Bishops, a source of offices for of offices for Patronage.Patronage.

(this demonstrates (this demonstrates the centralizing of the centralizing of power of monarchs power of monarchs over the clergy)over the clergy)

France in TurmoilFrance in Turmoil French monarchs in the second French monarchs in the second

half of the 16half of the 16thth century were century were weak.weak.

French nobles became protestant French nobles became protestant to try and gain independence and to try and gain independence and wealthwealth

Catherine de Medici rule her Catherine de Medici rule her three sons while they were in three sons while they were in power.power.

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre epitomized the religious epitomized the religious differences.differences.

War of Three Henry’sWar of Three Henry’s Civil War followed Civil War followed

after the St. after the St. Bartholomew’s Day Bartholomew’s Day massacre.massacre.

Ended with King Ended with King Henry IV converted to Henry IV converted to Catholicism and Catholicism and issued the issued the Edict of Edict of NantesNantes, protecting , protecting Huguenots.Huguenots.

Beginning of the Beginning of the Bourbon dynasty in Bourbon dynasty in FranceFrance

Revolts in the NetherlandsRevolts in the Netherlands Calvinism made rapid Calvinism made rapid

success among the success among the wealthy merchants. wealthy merchants. (work ethic)(work ethic)

Phillip II of Spain Phillip II of Spain appointed his half-sister appointed his half-sister regent to the regent to the Netherlands in 1559.Netherlands in 1559.

She raises taxes and She raises taxes and brings in the inquisition. brings in the inquisition.

Calvinists revolted and Calvinists revolted and Phillip sent the Spanish Phillip sent the Spanish army there.army there.

England aided the England aided the Protestants under Protestants under attack.attack. Margaret, regent of the Netherlands

Revolt in Spanish Revolt in Spanish NetherlandsNetherlands William of OrangeWilliam of Orange – –

Leads the Protestant Leads the Protestant revolt against Phillip.revolt against Phillip.

Queen Elizabeth sends Queen Elizabeth sends aid to the Protestants aid to the Protestants to help fight the to help fight the Catholics.Catholics.

This antagonizes This antagonizes Phillip to attack Phillip to attack England.England.

Phillip has the Phillip has the EscorialEscorial built near Madridbuilt near Madrid

Phillip sends his Phillip sends his Spanish Armada to Spanish Armada to England in 1588.England in 1588.

Revolt in the Netherlands (1566-Revolt in the Netherlands (1566-1587)1587)

Phillip creates a Phillip creates a grand navy to grand navy to crush the “heretics crush the “heretics of the north.”of the north.”

He launches his He launches his Spanish Armada in Spanish Armada in 1588 and is 1588 and is defeated by bad defeated by bad weather.weather.

Turns the tide of Turns the tide of Atlantic control. Atlantic control. (England)(England)

Phillip II of SpainPhillip II of Spain

The Thirty Years’ War The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)(1618-1648)

By the 17By the 17thth century Calvinists, Lutherans, and century Calvinists, Lutherans, and Catholics were violating the Peace of AugsburgCatholics were violating the Peace of Augsburg

H.R.E. Emperor Ferdinand II shuts down H.R.E. Emperor Ferdinand II shuts down Protestant churches in Bohemia that starts the Protestant churches in Bohemia that starts the war.war.

Four Phases of the War:Four Phases of the War: Bohemian StageBohemian Stage – – utterly defeated with the help of utterly defeated with the help of

the Spanishthe Spanish The Danish StageThe Danish Stage - - defeated with alliances between defeated with alliances between

Denmark,Denmark, England, and France. ( Ferdinand issued England, and France. ( Ferdinand issued thethe Edict of RestitutionEdict of Restitution))

The Swedish StageThe Swedish Stage – – Gustavus Adolphus led the Gustavus Adolphus led the Swedes into Germany with aid from the French Swedes into Germany with aid from the French (came to a draw)(came to a draw)

The French StageThe French Stage – – With Adolphus killed the French With Adolphus killed the French continued to wage war against the Hapsburgs.continued to wage war against the Hapsburgs.

Austrians raiding a town in Bavaria

The Peace of WestphaliaThe Peace of Westphalia

Recognized the Netherlands as Recognized the Netherlands as independentindependent

Made 300 German princes sovereign Made 300 German princes sovereign France became the victor because they France became the victor because they

gained Alsace and Loraine from the gained Alsace and Loraine from the Hapsburgs.Hapsburgs.

Reinforced the Lutheran church but also Reinforced the Lutheran church but also recognized the Calvinist church.recognized the Calvinist church.

The 30 Years’ War was the worst economic The 30 Years’ War was the worst economic and social disaster for Germany suffered and social disaster for Germany suffered before the 20before the 20thth century. century.

Discovery, Reconnaissance, and Expansion

• Explorers’ Motives – “God, gold, and glory”

• Overpopulation did not motivate the explorers

• The Crusading drive was one force• Renaissance curiosity• Get rich through the spice trade• Seeking to Christianize Muslims,

import gold from West Africa• East was closed by Ottoman- must

look for water route to Asia.

Map of the World 1550

Warm Up

• Write an introductory paragraph and thesis statement for the following thematic essay question in less than 10 minutes10 minutes….

• In the 15th century Europeans began to explore the “open seas”. What factors contributed to this fascination.

Technological Advances• Astrolabe Astrolabe – astronomical

instrument tool to tell distance between star and horizon.

• Cannon Cannon – • Magnetic Compass –

(returns from China with Marco Polo)

• New shipNew ship– Caravel, Galleon, and

Carrack allows ships to sail against the wind by “tacking”

Prince Henry “The Prince Henry “The Navigator”Navigator” (1420)

• A Portuguese Prince that started a school for navigation and aided the Age of Exploration.

• Helped Portugal est. trading posts down the coast of Africa

• Partly responsible for many voyages (da Gama, Magellan, Diaz)

Christopher Columbus

• (1451-1506) Genoese explorer, who “discovers” the Americas, but believes he has found a new route around the world to India.

•Should Columbus be considered a hero?

•3 Questions: What kind of man was he? What forces influenced him? Did he achieve his goals?

•View video “12 men who dared”

*Research Explorers

Bartolomeu de Las CasasBartolomeu de Las Casas• A Priest trying to establish missionaries in the A Priest trying to establish missionaries in the

new world wrote accounts of the treatment new world wrote accounts of the treatment towards the Native Americans and the first to towards the Native Americans and the first to defend human rights. Encouraged Africans to be defend human rights. Encouraged Africans to be used as slaves.used as slaves.

Results of Exploration• European rule in the Americas:European rule in the Americas:

– Within 50 years 90% of the population of Within 50 years 90% of the population of all N.A. will be dead.. (Guns, Germs, and all N.A. will be dead.. (Guns, Germs, and Steel)Steel)

• Organized territory into 4 viceroyalties.Organized territory into 4 viceroyalties.• IntendantsIntendants – local officials in the new – local officials in the new

world, who got authority from the world, who got authority from the crown.crown.

• QuintoQuinto – tax o f 1/5 all gold found in – tax o f 1/5 all gold found in new world, went straight to crownnew world, went straight to crown

• MercantalismMercantalism – economic system where – economic system where the mother country trades with the mother country trades with colonies and colonies cannot trade with colonies and colonies cannot trade with anyone else.anyone else.

Fall of Spanish EmpireFall of Spanish Empire A growing populationA growing population meant more people meant more people

needed to be fed and clothed.needed to be fed and clothed. Gold and silver poured into Seville, (Spain) Gold and silver poured into Seville, (Spain)

from the New World; from the New World; AntwerpAntwerp was was commercial trading centercommercial trading center

InflationInflation grew rapidly due to the flooding of grew rapidly due to the flooding of gold and silver.gold and silver.

Spaniards went into the military or the Spaniards went into the military or the church. church. A lack of businessman and A lack of businessman and bankers due to the inquisition.bankers due to the inquisition.

Nobility sufferedNobility suffered due to fixed incomes, due to fixed incomes, merchantsmerchants prosperedprospered, and , and poor fared worst poor fared worst of all.of all.

• Colombian ExchangeColombian Exchange – the exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World and the New World (hand out)

Commercial RevolutionCommercial Revolution• Influx of gold and silver into EuropeInflux of gold and silver into Europe• Rise in capitalismRise in capitalism (laissez-faire)(laissez-faire)• Joint-Stock companiesJoint-Stock companies pooling money pooling money

together to finance trading posts together to finance trading posts (colonies)(colonies)

• New industryNew industry; textile production, mining, ; textile production, mining, printing, rice, sugar, tea, ship buildingprinting, rice, sugar, tea, ship building

• MercantalismMercantalism -- economic system where economic system where the mother country trades with the the mother country trades with the colonies and the colonies are not colonies and the colonies are not allowed to trade with other nations. allowed to trade with other nations. Meant to lessen financial dependence on Meant to lessen financial dependence on other European Nations.other European Nations.

The Economy of the Atlantic The Economy of the Atlantic Basin 1701Basin 1701

Women in the 17Women in the 17thth century century

Manuals on marriage and the family Manuals on marriage and the family place women in the home.place women in the home.

It rejected the double standard of It rejected the double standard of adulteryadultery

Urged marriage to be mutually, Urged marriage to be mutually, respectful and trusted.respectful and trusted.

Arrangements made by parents are Arrangements made by parents are rejected.rejected.

Women are subservient to men still.Women are subservient to men still. Protestants recognized a mutual Protestants recognized a mutual

right to divorce as Catholics did not.right to divorce as Catholics did not.

““The Age of Flesh”The Age of Flesh”

Protestant and Protestant and Catholic Catholic governments governments licensed licensed prostitution.prostitution.

With the closing of With the closing of convents in convents in Protestant countries Protestant countries nuns only acceptable nuns only acceptable occupation was occupation was marriage.marriage.

The Great European The Great European Witch HuntWitch Hunt

Witch hunting peaked between 1560-1600 Witch hunting peaked between 1560-1600 when thousands of “witches” were executed.when thousands of “witches” were executed.

Reasons for the witch hunts.Reasons for the witch hunts. Witches explained inexplicable misfortunesWitches explained inexplicable misfortunes Communities believed that woman were Communities believed that woman were

more susceptible to the devil and lavish more susceptible to the devil and lavish sexual activities.sexual activities.

Communities persecuted non-comformistsCommunities persecuted non-comformists.. Woman were more susceptible to the Devil Woman were more susceptible to the Devil

because their sexually insatiablebecause their sexually insatiable.. Swiss communities executed 5,417 women Swiss communities executed 5,417 women

between 1450 and 1700.between 1450 and 1700.

Witch Craft of the 15 and Witch Craft of the 15 and 1600’s1600’s

I I aim here only at revealing myself, who will aim here only at revealing myself, who will perhaps be different tomorrow, if I learn perhaps be different tomorrow, if I learn something new which changes me. I have something new which changes me. I have no authority to be believed, nor do I want it, no authority to be believed, nor do I want it, feeling myself too ill-instructed to instruct feeling myself too ill-instructed to instruct others.others.

““Of the Education of Children”Of the Education of Children”

What is the message of this What is the message of this quote?quote?

Literature and ArtLiterature and Art Essay: Michel de Essay: Michel de

MontaigneMontaigne A French nobleman who A French nobleman who

wrote the essay to clarify wrote the essay to clarify his own thoughts.his own thoughts.

He was a skeptic that He was a skeptic that rejected the notion that rejected the notion that any human being knew any human being knew the absolute truth.the absolute truth.

Also rejected that one Also rejected that one culture is superior to culture is superior to another in his essay another in his essay “On “On Cannibals”Cannibals”

Elizabethan and Jacobean Elizabethan and Jacobean LiteratureLiterature

Literature and Literature and drama flourished drama flourished in England under in England under Elizabeth I and Elizabeth I and James IJames I

William William ShakespeareShakespeare

The King James The King James BibleBible

Baroque art and musicBaroque art and music

Baroque Art (1600-1700)Baroque Art (1600-1700)

Art work that reflects light and Art work that reflects light and shadowing.shadowing.

Tries to draw emotions to the Tries to draw emotions to the viewer.viewer.

Emphasized movement, strong Emphasized movement, strong value, contrast, and science.value, contrast, and science.

Leading Baroque artists are Leading Baroque artists are Caravaggio, Titian, Rubens, and Caravaggio, Titian, Rubens, and Rembrandt.Rembrandt.

Baroque MusicBaroque Music

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) Grasped the spirit of the day; Grasped the spirit of the day;

invention, tension, and emotion. (not invention, tension, and emotion. (not appreciated during his time.)appreciated during his time.)