Chapter 15-Spanish Civil War (Tanmay, Will, Rusheel, Ajith)
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Transcript of Chapter 15-Spanish Civil War (Tanmay, Will, Rusheel, Ajith)
Spanish Civil WarBy: Tanmay Asija, William Lee, Rusheel Nayak, Ajith Subhash
La Guernica (Spanish Civil War)
http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/scw/scw.htm
Spanish Civil Warhttp://www.gmtgames.com/spanishcw/
SpanishCivilWar-1%28RBM%29.jpg
Constitutional Monarchy
Liberal reformists attempted to adjust the political system so that it would accurately depict Spain’s societal realities
Liberals wanted to limit power of the monarchy and establish a liberal state
Conservatives wanted to preserve the Spanish government and prevent any rebellions
Owners of large estates, latifundia, held most power - created land-based oligarchy
Attempts by workers and merchants to overcome latifundia were unsuccessful
Constitutional Monarchy – 19th
Century 1868 – Overthrow of Queen Isabella II of the House of
Bourbon Caused by urban riots Liberal movement within middle classes led by military
1873 – King Amadeo I of the House of Savoy proclaims First Spanish Republic Powerless Republic
December 1874 – Restoration of the Bourbons Reform was less important than peace and stability
Constitutional Monarchy
Traditional sectors of politics attempted to stop any liberal reforms and preserve the monarchy Carlists fought to maintain Spanish tradition and Catholicism
Anarchism popular among working class Defeated in clashes with government forces
20th Century: Industrial working class steadily growing
Constitutional Monarchy – New
Parties Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party gained support
1912 – Reformist Party founded by Alejandro Lerroux Wide support from working class Argued that Catholic Church was inseparable from State
Growing fear of Communism
1921 – Communist Party found Socialist party splits
Constitutional Monarchy – 20th
Century 1923 – Miguel Primo de Rivera governs Spain as military
dictatorship New policies, but support slowly fades away Resigned in January 1930
King Alfonso XIII abdicated and Second Spanish Republic formed
Second Republic “Source of hope to the poorest, but threat to richest”
First Prime Minister – Niceto Alcala-Zamora
State in poor financial position
Three groups of opposition: Catholic movements - influence over judiciary and press Supporters of the monarchy – wanted to overthrow republic
with violent uprising Fascist organizations
Violence was mundane
Constitution of 1931 Approved on December 9th, 1931
“A democratic republic of workers of every class”
Constitution’s reformist and liberal nature extolled by Republican-Socialist collaboration
Removed any special rights held by Catholic Church
Proclaimed religious freedom and promoted separation of Church and State
Second Republic October 1931 – Leader of Opposition Party Gill Robles
calls for crusade against republic
Zamora resigns and Manuel Azaña becomes Prime Minister
Radical Party join opposition and Socialists support Azaña
Azaña declares Spain to “cease to be Catholic” Spanish Catholics join opposing party
Second Republic – 1933 Election
Fascist Confederation of the Autonomous Right – Confederacion Espanola de Derecha Autonomas (CEDA) Created by Gill Robles to contest 1933 election
Fascist Party (Falange) set up by Jose Antonio
Enormous victory for CEDA and Radicals Won 219 seats
The Black Two Years Period of time following the November 1933 elections
Rising tension and violence before war
Radicals more aggressive and conservatives use military
330 assassinated and 1511 wounded in political violence
The Black Two Years December 8th 1933 – First anarchist protests
Open violence in the streets of Spanish cities
Radical Leader Lerroux resigns in April 1934
Socialist Party breaches Parts attempted to move towards Bolshevism while other parts
disagree
Election of 1936 Popular Front – Communists, Socialists, Republicans
Elections of 1936: Popular Front vs. National Front (government) Popular Front wins
Manuel Azaña appointed president Reintroduced Second Spanish Republic
Disorder and political violence spread throughout country
Peasants seized lands – many strikes
Overthrow of Government
Jose Antonio’s Fascist Falange grows Supporters of Roble’s CEDA joins ranks Common usage of political violence and attack
Army plotting to overthrow new government Generals were truly monarchists and were alarmed by influence of
socialists and anarchists Leader – General Mola
July 13th 1936 – Monarchist politician Calvo Sotelo assassinated by Republican police to avenge death of one of their men
Military makes begins to overthrow government
Spanish Civil War Fought in Spain from July 17th, 1936 to April 1st, 1939
Began when conservative generals led by Jose Sanjurjo called for a pronunciamiento (declaration of opposition) Against Second Spanish Republic under President Manuel
Azaña
Rebel coup supported by CEDA, monarchists such as Carlists, and Fascist Falange
The Coup (July 18, 1936)
Officers of the military rebellion expected an easy victory over the Popular Front Government
They did not expect the strength of the Spanish people who took up arms and defended their elected government
The Coup (July 19, 1936)
Rebels (Nationalists) gained control of Morocco, Navarre, Seville
The Spanish people were able to crush the rebellion in large cities such as Madrid and Barcelona
Santiago Casares Quiroga (prime minister of Spanish government) resigned
Diego Martinez Barrio (moderate Republican leader) replaced Quiroga, but could not peacefully discuss topics with the rebels Also resigned
Jose Giral took the position of prime minister and he distributed arms to the masses
The Coup (July 20, 1936)
Anticipating a long, drawn out war, the rebel officers asked Fascist leaders, Benito Mussolini (Italy), Adolf Hitler (Germany), Antonio Salazar (Portugal) for aid - responded with massive aid
Democratic and Socialist powers sympathized with the Spanish government but did little to aid them France sent planes, Mexico sent rifles, Soviets sold
armaments in exchange for gold reserves Non-Intervention Policy – enacted by Democratic/Socialist
powers to not intervene officially within Spain Fascist governments ignored this policy
The Army of Africa The Rebels controlled 1/3 of Spain within a few days
Their best army (Army of Africa led by General Franco) was stuck in Morocco with no access to Spain (Spanish Government controlled most of the Navy)
Mussolini and Hitler sent planes to airlift the army to Seville
The Nationalists began to win the war - they began to murder any government supporter in the countryside as they marched toward Madrid
International Brigades Madrid was expected to fall easily – Government
relocated to Valencia
International Brigades of volunteers began to come to Spain to help the Government fend off the rebellion German, Italian anti-fascists, American pilots 40,000 foreigners fought, and 20,000 served in
medical/auxiliary units
The Lincoln Batallion American volunteer brigade Diverse group - consisted of Jews, Blacks, people ranging in
ages from 18-60
Important Events Hitler’s Condor Legion firebombed Guernica, a town of no
– symbol of fascist ruthlessness
Popular Front Government (coalition of middle-class Republicans, moderate Socialists, and Communists) had a civil war within the Spanish Civil War - weakened the Spanish government
1938 “Great Retreats” Republic forces faced continuous firebombing by 600
Nationalist planes and 100,000 men Pinned Republic forces against the Mediterranean Sea Spanish government had one last offensive which was
crushed
Outcome British and French representatives met with Hitler and
Mussolini Gave Hitler Czechoslovakia (Czech representatives not
invited) Agreement sealed Spanish fate International Brigades retreated out of Spain April 1, 1939 war ended
Franco began a reign of terror Concentration camps, mass executions until 1944 World War II had begun by this time
500,000 deaths in the Civil War
League of Nations Failure
France had to deal with internal problems, namely the rise of Fascist-style political parties and a weak coalition government Frightened that helping the Spanish cause would spark a
revolution within France
Britain did not want to get involved with Spanish problems, even though it did not have domestic problems
No action was taken by the League of Nations, even after seeing Hitler’s Germany enter the war
Bibliography http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/spaincw.htm
http://struggle.ws/spain/pam_ch1.html
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/spanish_civil_war1.htm
http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/spanish-civil-war/background
http://www.users.dircon.co.uk/~warden/scw/scwevent.htm
http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/scw/overview.htm
http://history-world.org/spanish_civil_war.htm
http://library.thinkquest.org/C008616/site/ThinkQuest/linked%20pages/Death%20of%20the%20league%20of%20Nations.htm
http://www.essortment.com/preluding-factors-spanish-civil-war-20988.html