Chapter 15 Section 5: Chapter 15 Section 5: Roots of RevolutionRoots of Revolution

1. Chinese turned down 1. Chinese turned down Britain’s requestBritain’s request

Have no value or use for country’s Have no value or use for country’s manufacturesmanufactures

“…“…we possess all things. I set no value on we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange and ingenious and have no use objects strange and ingenious and have no use for your country’s manufactures.”for your country’s manufactures.”

Isolation: position of strengthIsolation: position of strength Effects: Europe surpassed Chinese developmentsEffects: Europe surpassed Chinese developments

2. Two developments of 2. Two developments of the 1700sthe 1700s Qing Dynasty entered long period of

decline Slow to modernize Slow to modernize (video: Era of Qing) Lose of land to foreigners, high taxes, Lose of land to foreigners, high taxes,

increasing peasant population, limited land, increasing peasant population, limited land, food shortages, corruption, civil service food shortages, corruption, civil service examine archaicexamine archaic

Industrial Revolution (Europe): British East Indian Co.British East Indian Co. Military superiority to challenge the ChineseMilitary superiority to challenge the Chinese

3. Define Kowtow3. Define Kowtow

A low bow A low bow The British refused to The British refused to

kowtow to the Emperor kowtow to the Emperor because:because: they no longer accepted they no longer accepted

their inferior statustheir inferior status resented being restricted resented being restricted

to Macao & Guangzhou to Macao & Guangzhou for tradefor trade

Chinese lost position of Chinese lost position of strengthstrength

4. Causes of the Opium War4. Causes of the Opium War Late 1700s-1839 Late 1700s-1839 (Video)

Britain began selling Opium to ChinaBritain began selling Opium to China trade imbalance and economic problemstrade imbalance and economic problems

The Chinese tried to halt opium trade by The Chinese tried to halt opium trade by instituting harsh penalties (death) to instituting harsh penalties (death) to traders and userstraders and users

The Chinese destroyed a British The Chinese destroyed a British shipment of opium and a war startedshipment of opium and a war started

5. Results of the Opium 5. Results of the Opium WarWar Chinese were no match for the BritishChinese were no match for the British Treaty of Nanjing ended the Opium Treaty of Nanjing ended the Opium

WarsWars Unequal treaty: favored imperialistUnequal treaty: favored imperialist China opened to the westChina opened to the west Imperialism beginsImperialism begins

ExtraterritorialityExtraterritoriality: principle of allowing westerners : principle of allowing westerners accused of a crime in China to be tried in special, accused of a crime in China to be tried in special, western-run courts instead of Chinese courtswestern-run courts instead of Chinese courts

Emperor had to pay for destroyed OpiumEmperor had to pay for destroyed Opium British gained control of Hong KongBritish gained control of Hong Kong

5. Results of the Opium 5. Results of the Opium WarWar AND Increased Foreign influence in ChinaAND Increased Foreign influence in China

Spheres of Influence: area of a country in Spheres of Influence: area of a country in which a foreign nation has special economic which a foreign nation has special economic privileges and political influence (p.345)privileges and political influence (p.345) Sino-Japanese War: Japan expanded into ChinaSino-Japanese War: Japan expanded into China

6. What failed policy 6. What failed policy allowed equal access to allowed equal access to trade with China?trade with China?

Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy Supported by US Supported by US John Hay’s proposal for John Hay’s proposal for

called for the establishment of called for the establishment of equal trading rights to all equal trading rights to all nations in all parts of China nations in all parts of China and for recognition of Chinese and for recognition of Chinese territorial integrity territorial integrity

meaning that the country meaning that the country should not be carved up and should not be carved up and minimize the power of those minimize the power of those nations with existing spheres nations with existing spheres of influence.of influence.

7. Major Causes of Unrest7. Major Causes of Unrest

Foreign control/loss of territoryForeign control/loss of territory Weakened Qing DynastyWeakened Qing Dynasty

8. A. Taiping Rebellion 8. A. Taiping Rebellion

the most serious peasant uprising against the the most serious peasant uprising against the Qing Dynasty; lasted 14 years (1851)Qing Dynasty; lasted 14 years (1851)

Causes:Causes: Displeasure with Qing ruleDispleasure with Qing rule

effectseffects more than 20 million deathsmore than 20 million deaths Beginning of long, slow revolutionBeginning of long, slow revolution Battle between adopting western technology and Battle between adopting western technology and

keeping Confucian culturekeeping Confucian culture

8A. Taiping Rebellion8A. Taiping Rebellion More Effects:More Effects: Hundred Days of Reform: modernizeHundred Days of Reform: modernize

Reformers wanted to introduce modern Reformers wanted to introduce modern technology to China as well as preserve culturetechnology to China as well as preserve culture

Set up factories & dockyards to produce modern Set up factories & dockyards to produce modern weaponsweapons

Guang Xi supported the Hundred Days of Guang Xi supported the Hundred Days of ReformsReforms

Reforms ended with Ci Xi believed that changes Reforms ended with Ci Xi believed that changes threatened the traditional Confucian orderthreatened the traditional Confucian order

8B. Boxer Rebellion 8B. Boxer Rebellion (Video)

"Fists of Righteous Harmony" 1900"Fists of Righteous Harmony" 1900 Causes: Anti-ForeignCauses: Anti-Foreign Foreign missionaries and business Foreign missionaries and business

people vs. anti-foreign Chinese, Fists of people vs. anti-foreign Chinese, Fists of Righteous Harmony, or BoxersRighteous Harmony, or Boxers

Boxers with encouragement from the Boxers with encouragement from the empress Ci Xi attacked and killed empress Ci Xi attacked and killed missionaries and business peoplemissionaries and business people

Troops of the Eight nations alliance in 1900.Left to right: Britain, United States, Russia,

British India, Germany, France, Austria,Italy, Japan.

Countries Warships(units)

Marines(men)

Army(men)

Japan 18 540 20,300

Russia 10 750 12,400

United Kingdom 8 2,020 10,000

France 5 390 3,130

United States 2 295 3,125

Germany 5 600 300

Austria–Hungary 4 296

Italy 2 80

Total 54 4,971 49,255

8B. Boxer Rebellion8B. Boxer Rebellion On August 14, 1900, an international force finally captured Beijing, On August 14, 1900, an international force finally captured Beijing,

relieving the foreigners and Christians besieged there since June relieving the foreigners and Christians besieged there since June 20. While foreign troops looted the capital, the empress dowager 20. While foreign troops looted the capital, the empress dowager and her court fled to Xi’an, leaving behind a few imperial princes and her court fled to Xi’an, leaving behind a few imperial princes to conduct the negotiations. After extensive discussions, a to conduct the negotiations. After extensive discussions, a protocol was finally signed in September 1901, ending the protocol was finally signed in September 1901, ending the hostilities and providing for reparations to be made to the foreign hostilities and providing for reparations to be made to the foreign powerspowers

Effects: Effects: Western armies destroyed the revoltWestern armies destroyed the revolt Occupation: China was forced to Occupation: China was forced to

allow foreign troops on Chinese soil allow foreign troops on Chinese soil Forced to allow foreign warships in Forced to allow foreign warships in

Chinese watersChinese waters

8C. Revolution of 19118C. Revolution of 1911

Causes:Causes: Qing Dynasty collapsed soon after Ci Xi’s Qing Dynasty collapsed soon after Ci Xi’s

death – end of dynastic ruledeath – end of dynastic rule 1911 China declared itself a republic, 1911 China declared itself a republic,

ending ancient system of imperial ruleending ancient system of imperial rule Civil War raged because there was no Civil War raged because there was no

well organized government to replace the well organized government to replace the Qing DynastyQing Dynasty

8C. Revolution of 19118C. Revolution of 1911 Effects:Effects: End Dynastic ruleEnd Dynastic rule new republicnew republic Dr. Sun Yatsen helped to Dr. Sun Yatsen helped to

organize the Nationalist organize the Nationalist partyparty

Father of Modern Father of Modern ChinaChina

Civil War raged because Civil War raged because there was no well organized there was no well organized government to replace the government to replace the Qing DynastyQing Dynasty

9. Founder of 9. Founder of GuomindangGuomindang

Dr. Sun YatsenDr. Sun Yatsen

a.a.Guomindang: Nationalist PartyGuomindang: Nationalist Party

b.b.Goals: “Three Principles of the People”Goals: “Three Principles of the People” Called for nationalismCalled for nationalism Supported democracySupported democracy Ensuring a decent living for all ChineseEnsuring a decent living for all Chinese

10. New leader of 10. New leader of GuomindangGuomindang

Chiang Kai-shekChiang Kai-shek Nationalists faced Nationalists faced

challenged to their challenged to their authorityauthority

Educated, business, Educated, business, urbanurban

Chinese felt strong ties Chinese felt strong ties to their own families and to their own families and had little loyalty to a had little loyalty to a national statenational state

11. Chinese Communist 11. Chinese Communist Party Party

CCP joined forces with CCP joined forces with the Nationalist to expel the Nationalist to expel foreigners and fight the foreigners and fight the warlords for a timewarlords for a time

Chiang moved against Chiang moved against the communists & killed the communists & killed thousands of their thousands of their supporterssupporters

Mao ZedongMao Zedong emerged emerged as leader of the Chinese as leader of the Chinese Communists Communists Peasant/farmerPeasant/farmer

12. Long March12. Long March Causes: Causes:

Chiang launched a fierce campaign to rid Chiang launched a fierce campaign to rid China of the CommunistsChina of the Communists

Communists fled from Chiang’s armies in Communists fled from Chiang’s armies in 19341934

Moved over 6,000 miles from southeastern Moved over 6,000 miles from southeastern China to northwestern province of Shaanxi to China to northwestern province of Shaanxi to regroupregroup

90,000 set out on the “Long March,” only 90,000 set out on the “Long March,” only 7,000 survived 7,000 survived

12. Long March12. Long March

Effects:Effects: While Chiang was battling the Communists, While Chiang was battling the Communists,

the Japanese invaded Chinathe Japanese invaded China Seized ManchuriaSeized Manchuria Many Chinese called for Chiang and Mao to set Many Chinese called for Chiang and Mao to set

aside differences and fight the Japanese togetheraside differences and fight the Japanese together Symbol of the bitter hardships Communists Symbol of the bitter hardships Communists

endured before they eventually gained endured before they eventually gained powerpower

regroupregroup

Japanese Invasion – Japanese Invasion – 1930s1930s

Mao and Chiang combine forces to Mao and Chiang combine forces to remove Japaneseremove Japanese

Communists win control of government Communists win control of government after WWIIafter WWII