Chapter 15 Notes Mrs. Marshall. Second Great Awakening Began in 1790’s Revival meetings,...
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Transcript of Chapter 15 Notes Mrs. Marshall. Second Great Awakening Began in 1790’s Revival meetings,...
Chapter 15Chapter 15 Notes Notes
Mrs. MarshallMrs. Marshall
Second Great AwakeningSecond Great Awakening
Began in 1790’sBegan in 1790’s Revival meetings, erection of new Revival meetings, erection of new
churches and founding of new churches and founding of new colleges/universitiescolleges/universities
Derived its religious strength from Derived its religious strength from the popular preaching of evangelical the popular preaching of evangelical revivalists in both the west and revivalists in both the west and eastern citieseastern cities
Grew out of opposition to DeismGrew out of opposition to Deism Strengthened Methodists and Strengthened Methodists and
BaptistBaptist Camp meetingsCamp meetings Promoted religious diversityPromoted religious diversity
Peter CartwrightPeter Cartwright
A Methodist “circuit rider’A Methodist “circuit rider’ Converted thousands of peopleConverted thousands of people
Charles Grandison FinneyCharles Grandison Finney
lawyer turned preacherlawyer turned preacher
Advocated:Advocated: opposition to slaveryopposition to slavery perfect Christian kingdom on perfect Christian kingdom on
earthearth opposition to alcoholopposition to alcohol public prayer by womenpublic prayer by women
DeistsDeists
Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas PaineFranklin, Thomas Paine
relied on reason rather than relied on reason rather than revelationrevelation
on science rather than the Bibleon science rather than the Bible rejected the concept of original rejected the concept of original
sin and denied Christ’s divinitysin and denied Christ’s divinity
Believed in Supreme Being who had Believed in Supreme Being who had created a knowable universe and created a knowable universe and endowed human beings with a endowed human beings with a capacity for moral behaviorcapacity for moral behavior
UnitarianismUnitarianism
denied the divinity of Jesus and denied the divinity of Jesus and held that God existed in only one held that God existed in only one person.person.
William Ellery ChanningWilliam Ellery Channing An early 19An early 19thth century religious century religious
rationalist sect devoted to the rationalist sect devoted to the rule of reason and free will.rule of reason and free will.
Ralph Waldo EmersonRalph Waldo Emerson
Millerites(Adventists)Millerites(Adventists)
William MillerWilliam Miller this “burned over” district group this “burned over” district group
interpreted the Bible to mean Christ interpreted the Bible to mean Christ would return to earth on October 22, would return to earth on October 22, 1844.1844.
Nothing happened-became known as Nothing happened-became known as the “Great disappointment.” the “Great disappointment.” Movement splintered over doctrinal Movement splintered over doctrinal differencesdifferences
MormonsMormons
Joseph SmithJoseph Smith Book of MormonsBook of Mormons Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day SaintsChurch of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Block voting polygamy (plural marriages)Block voting polygamy (plural marriages) Brigham YoungBrigham Young 1847 edge of desert near the Great Salt 1847 edge of desert near the Great Salt
LakeLake Utah became a state in 1896Utah became a state in 1896
EducationEducation
Many did not support public Many did not support public education because it educated education because it educated primarily the poorprimarily the poor
Began supporting because Began supporting because education deemed essential for education deemed essential for social stability and democracysocial stability and democracy
Horace MannHorace Mann- promoter of tax - promoter of tax supported system of public supported system of public education for all childreneducation for all children
Successful in: extending school Successful in: extending school year, raising teacher salaries, year, raising teacher salaries, changing curriculumchanging curriculum
Noah Webster- Noah Webster- dictionary and dictionary and reading lessonsreading lessons
William McGuffeyWilliam McGuffey- McGuffey’s - McGuffey’s Readers (1830’s) primers for Readers (1830’s) primers for grades 1-6grades 1-6
Higher educationHigher education– Small, denominational, liberal arts Small, denominational, liberal arts
collegescolleges– 1st state universities were in South1st state universities were in South
Education for WomenEducation for Women
their place was in the home- no their place was in the home- no need for educationneed for education
Emma Willard-Troy Female Emma Willard-Troy Female Seminary- 1821Seminary- 1821
Oberlin College- 1Oberlin College- 1stst university to university to admit African Americans. admit African Americans. Admitted women-1837Admitted women-1837
Lyceum MovementLyceum Movement
Josiah HolbrookJosiah Holbrook Adult education and self-Adult education and self-
improvement traveling lecture improvement traveling lecture programs.programs.
Ralph Waldo EmersonRalph Waldo Emerson Topics- science, literature, Topics- science, literature,
moralsmorals
Dorothea DixDorothea Dix
New England teacher and author,New England teacher and author, Worked to improve the Worked to improve the
treatment of the mentally ill. treatment of the mentally ill. Encourages legislatures to build Encourages legislatures to build institutions to treat mentally ill.institutions to treat mentally ill.
Temperance MovementTemperance Movement
1826- the American Society for 1826- the American Society for the Prohibition of Temperance.the Prohibition of Temperance.
Aimed at hard liquor, whiskey, Aimed at hard liquor, whiskey, rum, bourbon and hard cider.rum, bourbon and hard cider.
Neil Dow’s Maine law in 1851- 1Neil Dow’s Maine law in 1851- 1stst state to outlaw intoxicating state to outlaw intoxicating liquor.liquor.
Consumption stemmed from the Consumption stemmed from the hard and monotonous life many hard and monotonous life many people lead.people lead.
1818thth Amendment- 1919- Amendment- 1919- ProhibitionProhibition
2121stst Amendment- 1933- repealed Amendment- 1933- repealed the 18the 18thth
Ways in which women were Ways in which women were discriminateddiscriminated
Could not voteCould not vote Could not own property once Could not own property once
marriedmarried Could be beaten by her Could be beaten by her
overlord(just as slaves)overlord(just as slaves) Were inferior to menWere inferior to men
Elizabeth Cady Stanton- Elizabeth Cady Stanton- a a leading feminist who wrote leading feminist who wrote “Declaration of Sentiment”-1848“Declaration of Sentiment”-1848
Pushed for women’s suffragePushed for women’s suffrage
Lucretia Mott- Lucretia Mott- a Quaker and a Quaker and women’s rights advocate. women’s rights advocate. Strongly supported the abolition Strongly supported the abolition of slaveryof slavery
Susan B. Anthony-Susan B. Anthony-
social reformer for temperance-social reformer for temperance-achieved world-wide fame as a achieved world-wide fame as a crusader for women’s rightscrusader for women’s rights
Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell- Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell- 11stst female doctor in the US- barred female doctor in the US- barred from practicing in most hospitalsfrom practicing in most hospitals
Sarah and Angelina Grimke- Sarah and Angelina Grimke- abolitionist movementabolitionist movement
Mary Lyon- Mary Lyon- pioneer in the field of pioneer in the field of higher education-established the higher education-established the 11stst women’s college Mount women’s college Mount Holyoke in Massachusetts.Holyoke in Massachusetts.
Emma Willard- Emma Willard- established the established the first female high school in the first female high school in the United States in 1821United States in 1821
Lucy Stone- Lucy Stone- American reformer American reformer who was a pioneer in the who was a pioneer in the movement for women’s rights. movement for women’s rights. Graduated from Oberlin College. Graduated from Oberlin College. Toured the country, lecturing Toured the country, lecturing against slavery and advocating against slavery and advocating equality for womenequality for women
Amelia BloomerAmelia Bloomer- revolted against - revolted against the women’s attire-best known the women’s attire-best known for her support for the outfit of for her support for the outfit of the tunic and full “pantaloons”. the tunic and full “pantaloons”. Later called “The Bloomer Later called “The Bloomer Costume”, later BloomersCostume”, later Bloomers
Seneca Falls ConventionSeneca Falls Convention 1848 1848 in New Yorkin New York
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady StantonStanton
Issued a “Declaration of Issued a “Declaration of Sentiment”Sentiment” Demanded the right Demanded the right of women to voteof women to vote
Launched the modern women’s Launched the modern women’s rights movement rights movement
Utopian CommunitiesUtopian Communities
an experimental community an experimental community designed to be a perfect society, designed to be a perfect society, in which its members could live in which its members could live together in harmony.together in harmony.
They were seeking human They were seeking human betterment.betterment.
New HarmonyNew Harmony
Robert Owen- IndianaRobert Owen- Indiana Constitution called for absolute Constitution called for absolute
equality and freedom of speech equality and freedom of speech and action. Absence of authorityand action. Absence of authority
led to its failure.led to its failure.
Brook FarmBrook Farm
George Ripley and other George Ripley and other transcendentalists- 1841.transcendentalists- 1841.
Fire destroyed building, led to Fire destroyed building, led to financial problems and commune financial problems and commune failed.failed.
Nathaniel HawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne
OneidaOneida
most radical experiment in social most radical experiment in social and religious thinking.and religious thinking.
New York-1848- John NoyesNew York-1848- John Noyes Complex Marriage- every man Complex Marriage- every man
married to every woman and vice married to every woman and vice versa.versa.
Successful economically but by Successful economically but by 1879 internal dissension had 1879 internal dissension had arisen and outside hostility arisen and outside hostility became so strong Noyes went to became so strong Noyes went to Canada.Canada.
The most successful of the The most successful of the utopian communitiesutopian communities
John J. AudubonJohn J. Audubon
For half a century he was the For half a century he was the country’s dominant wildlife artist.country’s dominant wildlife artist.
Birds of AmericaBirds of America- a collection of 435 - a collection of 435 life-size printslife-size prints
Audubon Society- Audubon’s widow Audubon Society- Audubon’s widow tutored one of the founders of this tutored one of the founders of this society. Purpose of the Audubon society. Purpose of the Audubon Society is to conserve and restore Society is to conserve and restore natural ecosystems focusing on birds natural ecosystems focusing on birds and other wildlife.and other wildlife.
America’s artistic achievement America’s artistic achievement was barely notable in the 1was barely notable in the 1stst half half of the 19of the 19thth century. century.
Public buildings followed Greek Public buildings followed Greek and Roman linesand Roman lines
Thomas Jefferson- Monticello and Thomas Jefferson- Monticello and the University of Virginiathe University of Virginia
Hudson River SchoolHudson River School
Excelled in the art of painting Excelled in the art of painting landscapeslandscapes
Dating from the 1820’s a group of Dating from the 1820’s a group of painters who took as their subjects painters who took as their subjects the unique naturalness of the the unique naturalness of the American continent, starting with the American continent, starting with the Hudson River in New York but Hudson River in New York but eventually extending all the way to eventually extending all the way to California.California.
After the war of 1812 a wave ofAfter the war of 1812 a wave of
Nationalism contributed to theNationalism contributed to the
development of Americandevelopment of American
literature.literature.
Washington IrvingWashington Irving
His His Knickerbockers' History of Knickerbockers' History of New York New York and and Sketch Book Sketch Book along along with individual short tales like with individual short tales like Rip Van Winkle Rip Van Winkle and and The Legend The Legend of Sleepy Hollow of Sleepy Hollow described the described the Dutch experience in New York Dutch experience in New York and made him the 1and made him the 1stst American American writer to achieve world fame.writer to achieve world fame.
James Fenimore CooperJames Fenimore Cooper
Created an original American Created an original American literature with his literature with his Leatherstocking Leatherstocking TalesTales and and The Last of the Mohicans.The Last of the Mohicans. His depiction of the contrasting His depiction of the contrasting values of the rugged men of the values of the rugged men of the wilderness with modern civilization wilderness with modern civilization became a reoccurring theme in became a reoccurring theme in American literature. American literature.
He gained world fame and made New He gained world fame and made New World themes respectable. World themes respectable.
Transcendentalists believed that Transcendentalists believed that all knowledge came through an all knowledge came through an inner light.inner light.
Transcendental thought was Transcendental thought was influenced by:influenced by:
German philosophers, Oriental German philosophers, Oriental religions, individualism and the religions, individualism and the love of nature.love of nature.
Transcendentalists WritersTranscendentalists Writers
Ralph Waldo Emerson-Ralph Waldo Emerson-emphasized individuality and an emphasized individuality and an intuitive spirituality. Balked at intuitive spirituality. Balked at the emerging industrial society the emerging industrial society around him.around him.
Henry David Thoreau- removed Henry David Thoreau- removed himself from society-himself from society-WaldenWalden(1854)- (1854)- “civil disobedience”-this influenced “civil disobedience”-this influenced such people as Mahatma Gandhi and such people as Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Walt Whitman- collection of poemWalt Whitman- collection of poem Leaves of Grass Leaves of Grass (1855). His fame (1855). His fame increased after his death. Gained the increased after his death. Gained the informal title “Poet Laureate of informal title “Poet Laureate of Democracy”Democracy”
Nathaniel Hawthorne- Nathaniel Hawthorne- The The Scarlet Letter Scarlet Letter (1850) and (1850) and The The House of the Seven Gables House of the Seven Gables (1851) Rejected the (1851) Rejected the transcendentalist.transcendentalist.
Transcendental movement was Transcendental movement was short-lived, dying out in the short-lived, dying out in the 1850’s but it influenced other 1850’s but it influenced other individuals and movementsindividuals and movements
Henry Wadsworth LongfellowHenry Wadsworth Longfellow
Harvard professorHarvard professor ““Evangeline” ,”The Song of Evangeline” ,”The Song of
Hiawatha”, “The Courtship of Hiawatha”, “The Courtship of Miles Standish”Miles Standish”
Only American to ever be honored Only American to ever be honored with a bust in the Poet’s Corner of with a bust in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster AbbeyWestminster Abbey
John Greenleaf WhitterJohn Greenleaf Whitter
QuakerQuaker Influential in social actionInfluential in social action Poems about inhumanity, Poems about inhumanity,
injustice and intoleranceinjustice and intolerance
James Russell LowellJames Russell Lowell
Ranks among America’s best Ranks among America’s best poetspoets
Distinguished essayists, literacy Distinguished essayists, literacy critic, editor and diplomatcritic, editor and diplomat
Dr. Oliver Wendell HolmesDr. Oliver Wendell Holmes
Taught anatomy at Harvard Taught anatomy at Harvard Medical SchoolMedical School
Prominent poet, essayist, Prominent poet, essayist, novelist and lecturernovelist and lecturer
Two female writers:Two female writers: Louisa May Alcott - wrote Louisa May Alcott - wrote Little Little
Women Women (1868)(1868) Emily Dickinson -her poems were Emily Dickinson -her poems were
published after her death.published after her death.
Edgar Allan PoeEdgar Allan Poe
Did not believe in human Did not believe in human goodness and social progressgoodness and social progress
Poet and also excelled in short Poet and also excelled in short storiesstories
““The Raven” The Raven”
Two other writes who alsoTwo other writes who also
reflected the continuing obsessionreflected the continuing obsession
of never ending struggle betweenof never ending struggle between
good and evil:good and evil: Nathaniel Hawthorne- Puritanism Nathaniel Hawthorne- Puritanism
were dominant themes in his were dominant themes in his works like works like The Scarlet LetterThe Scarlet Letter
Herman Melville-his work Herman Melville-his work Moby Moby DickDick was a tale of good and evil was a tale of good and evil
Most all distinguished historians Most all distinguished historians of the early nineteenth century of the early nineteenth century came from the New England came from the New England states because the Boston area states because the Boston area provided well-stocked libraries provided well-stocked libraries and a stimulating literacy and a stimulating literacy tradition.tradition.
Impact on the South:Impact on the South:
Northern writers heavily Northern writers heavily influenced by the abolitionist influenced by the abolitionist and they were opposed to the and they were opposed to the southern way of life. For many southern way of life. For many generations of history writings generations of history writings had an anti-southern bias.had an anti-southern bias.