Chapter 15 Non renewable Energy - 1.cdn.edl.io · Net Energy • 1st law of thermodynamics: it...
Transcript of Chapter 15 Non renewable Energy - 1.cdn.edl.io · Net Energy • 1st law of thermodynamics: it...
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Chapter 15!Non renewable Energy
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Net Energy
• 1st law of thermodynamics: it takes high quality energy to get high quality energy e.g. Before oil becomes useful it has to go thru several steps, each of which uses energy
• 2nd law of thermodynamics: some of the high quality energy used in each step is automatically wasted.
• Some is unnecessarily wasted
• Net energy = useful energy available - energy needed to make it available
• E.g. it takes 9 energy units to make 10 units = net energy ratio of 10/9 or 1.1
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• Conventional oil has had a high net energy ratio because it's been found in large deposits. As those are depleted, net energy ratio decreases
54 of the 64 major oil fields are in decline
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Energy resources with low or negative energy yields are subsidized in order to compete in the
marketplace • e.g. nuclear power
• Low net energy ratio -
• lots of energy to extract, transport and convert uranium
• build and operate nuclear power plant
• store radioactive materials
• dismantle plant
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Reducing energy waste increases net yields !
84% of commercial energy in US is wasted !
41% is automatically wasted !
43% is unnecessarily wasted
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we know how to fix it and cut energy waste
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Oil
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• OIL:!
• 1/3 of world's commercial energy is from oil
• 40% is used by US
• Grow food, transport people, transport goods, make plastics, make asphalt, paint, medicines, cleaning fluid, pesticides, synthetic fibers
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• - a.k.a. Petroleum, crude oil, sweet crude, light crude
• Black, gooey liquid
• Hundreds of hydrocarbons
• Trace amounts of S, O, N , impurities
Conventional oil
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Unconventional Oil• Molasses
• Some is left behind in wells
• Some is extracted from oil shale rock and tar sand
• Lots of energy to extract which decreases its net energy yield
• 70%of world's supply
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Oil Refining
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How long will supplies last?• Demand has been increasing since 1950
• Prices will rise
• US is largest consumer
• China expected to surpass
• Conventional oil - 2050-2100
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Oil reserves• Potential - not necessarily proven; may be difficult, i.e. Costly to
extract!
• Possible sources - global consumption grows 2% each year
• Saudi Arabia - 7 year supply
• Alaska's North Slope - 6 mos (US <3y)
• Alaska Arctic National Wildlife Refuge - 1-5 months (US 7-24 mos)
• BP Deepwater Horizon - amt. was only enough for 5 days for US
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Options?
• Find more
• Use less
• Waste less
• Alternative energy sources Toronto Canada
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Advantages to using conventional oil
• Ample supply for decades
• High net energy yield
• Low land disruption
• Efficient distribution system
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Disadvantages to using conventional oil
• Water pollution
• Environmental costs not reflected in price
• Releases CO2 when burned
• Vulnerable to international supply interruptions
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Unconventional Oil: Tar Sands
• Mixture of clay, sand, water, bitumen
• Bitumen- thick, sticky, high sulfur
• Alberta, Canada has 75% = state of NC
• Major harmful impacts to land, air, water, climate to produce oil from this region
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Problems with tar sands• Some is close enough to surface to strip mine
• Cut forest, drain wetlands, divert rivers
• Huge air pollution
• More earth is being removed in Canada's Athabasca Valley than anywhere on earth
• Requires large amt water
• Lots of waste water and toxic sludge ponds
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Shale Oil• Source of heavy oil locked up in rock and ore
• Lots of energy to extract and convert to shale oil so low energy yield
• Fracking and horizontal drilling
• Requires lots of water
• lg amts in CO, WY, UT (dry)
• Potentially 4x Saudi Arabia
• 11x Alberta's tar sands
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Natural Gas• Mixture of gases
• 50-90% methane
• Propane, butane
• H2S which is highly toxic
• High energy yield
• Lies above crude oil reservoirs
• When nat gas field is tapped, propane and butane are liquified (LPG) under high pressure for transport
• Methane is purified and pumped into pipelines
• It can be liquified too (LNG)
• By 2025 US largest importer of LNG
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Coal• Ancient swamps
• 42% of world energy
• US has most
• Coal reserves should last 250 y
• Dirtiest fossil fuels
• Land degradation
• Air pollution
• Water pollution
• Trace amts of radioactive materials
• Toxic ash
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Coal ash• Arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, radium (heavy metals)
• Can be used in concrete and drywall
• Fertilizer
• Most is buried or in holding ponds. Potential groundwater contamination
• EPA (2007) toxic metals and other harmful substances in coal ash ponds have contaminated groundwater in 63 communities
• Little or no regulations
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• Knoxville, TN
• 2008 spill 1 billion gallons
• Pond rupture
• 300 football fields of toxic sludge
• $1.2 billion to clean up
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Nuclear Power: !clean but expensive!
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Nuclear Power• Uses nuclear fission to generate heat to
boil water, produce steam to turn turbines, to run generator to make electricity
• Fission: splitting of an atomic nucleus into two smaller parts
• Small amount of mass releases a HUGE amounts of energy
• Chain reaction
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• 20% of electricity
• U-235
• Takes place in a reactor
• Most are light water reactors LWRs which are highly inefficient. Lose lots of heat to environment
• Energy also used to mine, upgrade and transport uranium, deal with waste
• Total net energy loss is 92%
Each pellet contains energy = a ton of coal
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• Control rods are moved in and out of the reactor to absorb heat and regulate the rate of fission
• Water is used to remove the heat to prevent a meltdown which would release radioactive materials into the environment
• All of this is stored within a containment shell of thick concrete to contain radioactive materials in case of a meltdown or partial meltdown
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Storing nuclear waste• Radioactive waste must be
stored
• Most stored on site
• Yucca Mountain
• Need to be stored safely for 10,000 y
• Vulnerable to terrorists
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Chernobyl
• Worst nuclear disaster in history until Fukushima
• 1986
• 2 explosions in reactor
• Meltdown, fire that burned for 10 days
• Radioactive cloud over huge area and eventually spread worldwide
• Cancers, death, immune system problems, birth defects
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Fukushima
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• Earthquake 9.0 caused tsunami 3/11/11
• Knocked out power to cooling pumps resulting in meltdown in three reactors
• Leaking radiation into ocean which is expected to reach US 4/2014
• Cesium plume
• Fisheries still closed off Fukushima because of cesium
• Under reported then and now
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Nuclear Fusion: the power of the future
• Two nuclei of a light element such as H are forced together at an extremely high temps until they fuse
• No meltdown risk
• No large release of radioactive materials
• Not feasible yet...no research has been able to create more energy than what is used