Chapter 15-Hatay, Memel, And Mosul (Angela, Nassim, Anupreet, Jomana)

7/31/2019 Chapter 15-Hatay, Memel, And Mosul (Angela, Nassim, Anupreet, Jomana)

1/21

Angela Chan

Nassim Kavezade

Anupreet Singh

Jomana AbdallahIB Americas P. 5

26 October 2011

LON Territorial Disputes:Hatay, Memel, Mosul


2/21

Hatay

Also known as: previously known as Sanjak

(or governorate) ofAlexandrett (when under

Ottoman rule) Location:

province in today southernTurkey, on the

Mediterranean coast bordered to the south and

east of Syria and the Turkishprovinces of Adana andOsmaniye to the north.


3/21

Historical Background: 638conquered by Islamic armies and came under

the control of the Ummayad and Abbasid Arabdynasties

877 first Turkish conquest by the Tolunoullartribe took place in Hatay, and was controlled byvarious Turkish emirates, the Seljuks and theAleppo-based Hamdanoullar dynasties ( Heavily

Islamic influence). 969 the city of Antioch, Hatay was recaptured by

the Byzantine Empire.

1084 captured by Suleiman I, was Sultan of Rum

(ruler of Anatolian Seljuks) in 1084.

Hatay


4/21

Historical Background Contd: 1086 passed to Tutush I, Sultan of Aleppo (ruler

of Syrian Seljuks)

1098 captured from the Crusaders by the

Mameluks, warrior class of Turkish Muslims 1516 was taken by the the Ottomans again by

Sultan Selim

Many considered Hatay to be part of Syria

Majority Arab with smaller communities ofArmenians and Turks.

Hatay


5/21

League of Nations: After World War I and the Turkish Indpendence War,

the Ottoman Empire was disbanded and modernTurkey was created

When the Treaty of Svres was signed, Hatay wasgiven to the French Mandate of Syria as a means ofcompensation for the War

This political action could be considered a failuredue to the fact it was never ratified by the Sultan inIstanbul, nor accepted by the Ankara (localgovernment) government

Once the French Mandate of Syria had expired,resistance toward Independence for the territory

increased

Hatay


6/21

Why a territorial dispute: Hatay was formerly confirmed as Syrian territory in

the Treaty of Luassane, but at the same time wasgranted a special autonomous status because it

contained a large Turkish minority In 1939 the Republic of Hatay was annexed to

Turkey as the 63rd Turkish province following areferendum, a direct vote

Syria bitterly disputed both the separation of Hatayand its immeditate annexation to Turkey Syriastates that the separation of Hatay violated France'smandatory responsibility to maintain the unity of

Syrian lands

Hatay


7/21

Why a territorial dispute Contd:

The Turkish regaining of Hatay wascontroversial because according to the League ofNations commission, the number of Turkishregistered voters in Hatay in 1938 represented no

more than 46% of the population

Hatay


8/21

Success/Failure ofLON:

Failure

It is still in issue to thisday

Syria continues toconsider Hatay part ofits territory, and shows itas such on its maps

However, Turkey andSyria havestrengthened their ties

and opened the border

Hatay


9/21

Also known as: Memelland (German), when conquered by

Teutonic Knights around 1252

However, since its borders were shared by

Lithuania, it was called Klaipeda(Lithuanian) Location:

port and surrounding territory located in betweenGermanys former East Prussia, to the North of

the Neman River (Lithuania), and on the coast ofthe Baltic Sea

Memel


10/21

Historical Background:

Consisted of PrussianLithuanians who

spoke German Under Treaty of

Versailles, becameLeague of Nations

mandate and wastherefore placed underFrench control andadministration.

Memel


11/21

Why a territorial dispute: Lithuania essentially wanted to annex the Memel

territory due to its vital access as a port to the BalticSea

Results in Klaipeda Revolt of January 1923

Memel


12/21

Why a territorial dispute Contd: Klaipeda Revolt of January 1923

300 Memel-Lithuanian men

1050 Lithuanian men

Revolt swept through the region, Heydekrug

Easy overtake where little to no French orGerman resistance were met

After takeover, Memel was assumed by the

Supreme Salvation Committee of LithuaniaMinor

Erdmonas Simonaitis became temporary leaderuntil League of Nations could resolve

Memel


13/21

League of Nations: After takeover, Memel-Lithuanians petitioned to be

part of Lithuania under right of self-determination

League of Nations accepts

According to Time Magazine Issue (Monday, 24March 1924): Lithuania gets Memel. Traffic on

the river, which serves the commerce ofGermany, Poland and Russia, is to be free.

Memel was given to Lithuania but port wasdecreed as an international zone

Memel


14/21

Success/Failure of LON:

Success League of Nations settled the issue diplomatically

and intervened before revolt went too far

Assumed their job as peacemakers and fairly

gave rights to each region Germans allowed to use port for trade

Lithuanian-Memels now belonged to theindependent Lithuania

Memel


15/21

Location: Province in northern Iraq

Serves as transit centerbetween Turkey and

eastern countries

Historical Background:

Rich in oil deposits

Population consists of Arab

Sunni Muslims, a sizableKurdish minority, andvarious Christian sects

Mosul


16/21

Why a territorial dispute: Mosul came to the spotlight in the early 1920s as

Turkey and Britain began to conflict over who hadcontrol of it

Turkey claimed it was a part of its territory The majority of inhabitants were Ottoman non-

Arabs

Mosul had not been in the hand of the British

when the Mudros Armistice was signed in 1918

Mosul


17/21

Why a territorial dispute Contd: Britain wanted Mosul to be a part of Iraq

Believed it had a lot of oil and could be abargaining chip with the newly formed

government of Iraq to extend Britains power overthe region.

Faisal I, newly crowned King of Iraq, wanted Mosul

To be a part of his country to strengthen his

authority and influence over nationalistic elementswho opposed Britains continued interference in

Iraqs domestic affairs

Mosul


18/21

League of Nations: Appointed a fact-finding

commission to visit Iraq

Survey public opinion in

Mosul Meet with officials on

both sides

On 16 July 1924, the

commission's report to theLeague called for theinclusion of Mosul in Iraq

Brussels line as the

border between the twocountries

Mosul


19/21

League of Nations Contd: Additional conditions attached

Allowing Iraq to remain under the British mandatefor twenty-five years

Recognizing the rights of the Kurds to use theirlanguage in educational institutions andadministration of justice

Encouraging the hiring of Kurds as administrators,

judges, and teachers

Mosul


20/21

Success/Failure of LON: Success

League of Nations surveyed the people on theaddition of Mosul to Iraq, and made sure there was

a diplomatic agreement between the Turkey andBritain

Dispute was settled peacefully

Mosul


21/21

Work Cited http://www.jstor.org/pss/4322848 http://looklex.com/e.o/alexandretta_sanjak.htm

http://ssnp.net/content/view/828/149/

https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0502/5ae8ec76aef2b/5ae8 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Hatay_in_Tu

rkey.svg http://www.klaipedainfo.lt/en/?page=6

http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/league_nation_successes.htm

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,717997,00.html

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=brussels+line+mosul&um=37 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hatay

_in_Turkey.svg/800px-Hatay_in_Turkey.svg.png

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/mosul.htm

http://articles.latimes.com/2008/apr/05/world/fg-mosul5
http://img34.exs.cx/img34/4557/map11we.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Hatay_in_Turkey.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Hatay_in_Turkey.svghttp://www.google.com/imgres?q=brussels+line+mosul&um=37http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hatay_in_Turkey.svg/800px-Hatay_in_Turkey.svg.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hatay_in_Turkey.svg/800px-Hatay_in_Turkey.svg.pnghttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/mosul.htmhttp://articles.latimes.com/2008/apr/05/world/fg-mosul5http://articles.latimes.com/2008/apr/05/world/fg-mosul5http://articles.latimes.com/2008/apr/05/world/fg-mosul5http://articles.latimes.com/2008/apr/05/world/fg-mosul5http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/mosul.htmhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hatay_in_Turkey.svg/800px-Hatay_in_Turkey.svg.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hatay_in_Turkey.svg/800px-Hatay_in_Turkey.svg.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hatay_in_Turkey.svg/800px-Hatay_in_Turkey.svg.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hatay_in_Turkey.svg/800px-Hatay_in_Turkey.svg.pnghttp://www.google.com/imgres?q=brussels+line+mosul&um=37http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Hatay_in_Turkey.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Hatay_in_Turkey.svghttp://img34.exs.cx/img34/4557/map11we.jpg

Chapter 15-Hatay, Memel, And Mosul (Angela, Nassim, Anupreet, Jomana)

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 15-Hatay, Memel, And Mosul (Angela, Nassim, Anupreet, Jomana)