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Chapter 15 and 16 Study Guide Answers

Section 15-1VOCABULARY REVIEW1. Evolution is the development of new types oforganisms from preexisting types of organisms

over time.2. Natural selection is a process in which organismsbest suited to their environment reproduce moresuccessfully than other organisms.MULTIPLE CHOICE1. d 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. cSHORT ASWER1. Since acquired traits are not genetically determined,they cannot be passed on to ospring.Therefore, they cannot cause a population tochange over generations.2. arwin extended !althus" ideas to populations ofall organisms and reasoned that the environmentlimits the populations of all organisms by causing

deaths or limiting births.3. Evolution is the change of populations of organismsover time# natural selection is the mechanismby which evolution occurs.4. $amarc% would have said that the ancestors ofmodern&day giraes had short nec%s but stretchedtheir nec%s as they tried to reach leaves in trees# so,their descendants were born with longer nec%s.arwin would have said that in a population ofancestral giraes, some had slightly longer nec%sthan others# the long&nec%ed giraes were betterable to feed on tree leaves and as a result producedmore ospring. 'ver time, the proportion of longnec%edgiraes in the population increased.STRUCTURES A! "UCTIOS

The bird in ( appears to have greater )tness, since ithas produced more ospring.

Section 15-2VOCABULARY REVIEW1. * homologous structure is an anatomical structurethat occurs in dierent species and originated byheredity from a structure in a common ancestor#analogous structures have closely related functionsbut are not derived from the same ancestralstructure.2. * fossil is the evidence or remains of a preexistingorganism# the principle of superposition statesthat if a sequence of sedimentary roc% strata havebeen undisturbed, the oldest strata will be at thebottom of the sequence and younger strata will beon top. The relative age of the strata is usuallydetermined by comparing the fossils contained inthe strata.3.The relative age of a fossil or roc% is simply anindication of whether the fossil or roc% is youngeror older than another fossil or roc%# the absoluteage of a roc% is the roc%"s age in years.MULTIPLE CHOICE1. b 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. a

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SHORT ASWER1. * biologist would concentrate on homologous features,since they originated in a shared ancestor.2.The animal evolved from an ancestor in whichthat structure was functional.3. +n biogeography studies, similar animals that seemto be closely related are adapted to dierent environments

in nearby areas. *lso, in areas that arewidely separated animals that seem to be unrelatedare observed to have similar adaptations tosimilar environments in the separate areas.4. ossils show that a group of organisms, such asmarine mammals, have changed over time toadapt to dierent environments.5.The environment will not select for or againstorganisms that have a particular structure unlessthat structure aects the organisms" )tness.STRUCTURES A! "UCTIOSa, youngest fossil# b, mammal fossils# c, )rst dinosaurs#d, )rst land plants# e, trilobites# f, oldest fossil

Section 15-3VOCABULARY REVIEW1. the evolution of -aribbean anole liards2. Examples may include dierent breeds of dogs,cats, cattle, or food crops.

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Mo#e$n Bio%o&' St(#' )(i#e An*+e$ ,e'3. some 3owers and insects# animals and microbes4. the evolution of -aribbean anole liards with similaradaptations on separate islands5.Two examples are the evolution of the 4al5pagos)nches and the evolution of domestic dogs.. evolution of resistance to pesticides by insect populations,

of plants to herbicides, and evolution ofresistance to antibiotics by disease&causingbacteriaMULTIPLE CHOICE1. b 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. aSHORT ASWER1. *daptive radiation occurs when a new populationin a new environment, such as an island, undergoesdivergent evolution until the descendant populations)ll many parts of the environment.2. *nswer will vary, but could include the liardsmoving to an area where the trees are still healthy,or they could adapt to live in another part of theenvironment, such as living in small shrubs or onthe ground. The liards could also go extinct if

they could not move to another area or adapt tothe new environment.3. *nswers will vary, but could include domesticdogs, domestic cats, cattle, sheep, and pigs foranimals and corn, wheat, fruit trees, such asapples or oranges, and 3owers, such as roses ororchids.4.The long&lived species would be more li%ely tobecome extinct after a sudden environmentalchange. The short&lived species, with large numbers

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of ospring, would be more li%ely to adapt to thechanging environment. The short&lived species canadapt more easily because of the larger pool ofgenetic variations available in the larger population.STRUCTURES A! "UCTIOSdivergent evolution# approximately 67 million yearsago# the galago

Section 1-1VOCABULARY REVIEW1. 8opulation genetics is the study of evolution froma genetic point of view.2. * gene pool is the total genetic information availablein a population.3. *llele frequency is the frequency of a certain alleleamong all alleles of the same gene in a population.4. 8henotype frequency is the frequency of individualswith a particular phenotype in a population.5. 0ardy&2einberg genetic equilibrium is a conditionin which the allele frequencies in a populationremain the same from generation to generation.MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. b 2. c 3. b 4. d 5. aSHORT ASWER1. +ndividuals represented by the two ends are thosewith extreme variations of a speci)c trait.2. 9ariations arise through mutation, recombinationduring meiosis, and the random pairing of gametesduring fertiliation.3. :6; No net mutations occur# :; individuals mate randomly# and :?;selection does not occur.4. no, because those genes are not available for thenext generationSTRUCTURES A! "UCTIOS

8henotype frequencies@ red A B.7

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2. (y producing totally new alleles for a trait, mutationscan change allele frequencies.3. !atings with some degree of %inship may occur,increasing the chance of ospring with disorderscaused by recessive genes.4.The bright coloration may increase a male"schances of being selected for mating by a female.

5. 4enetic homoygosity leaves no variation for naturalselection to act on. Therefore, a new diseasecould wipe out the entire population.. directional selection# the cow would not eliminate allwhite 3owers because the allele for white 3owers isalso carried by plants with pin% 3owers, which arenot eaten. -rosses between plants with pin% 3owerswould continue to produce some plants with white3owers.STRUCTURES A! "UCTIOSa, disruptive# b, directional# c, stabiliing

Section 1-3VOCABULARY REVIEW1. !orphology is the internal and external structure

and appearance of an organism.2. 4eographic isolation is the physical separation ofmembers of a population.3. 8unctuated equilibrium is a pattern of speciesformation in which periods of sudden speciationare preceded and followed by long periods withlittle speciation.MULTIPLE CHOICE1. d 2. a 3. b