Chapter 15-18

Why? o Push Factors

• Problem that cause people to move o Pull Factors

• Temptations that draw people to another place

How? o Steerage = below deck, cheaper

Steerage passengers Medical Exam

o 6-sec exam o diseased = deportation

Legal Exam o 29 questions o no importing of contract laborers to Replace striking workers

20% fail one exam but not necessarily deported—treated for diseases or go before Board of Special Inquiry

went to cities: Boston, Cleveland, Chicago…

25% to 50% of Americans living in cities by 1920

tenement housing/slums lived with people of same

culture/home country

Aid o Hull House (settlement house) o ethnic organizations o political bosses

Assimilation o Primarily through Education

• Americanization o Salad Bowl VS. Melting Pot

Rejection o dislike due to religious/cultural differences o Nativism: policies favoring people born in

the U.S. o Immigration Restriction League

• Wanted to limit immigration by requiring a literacy test

Why? o seek gold o do “stoop labor” o goal= make money and

return home

Chinese Exclusion Act o Asians were a scapegoat for

economic problems caused by drought

Angel Island Immigration Station o more extensive interviews o process takes days

farm laborers shortage o Korea, Philippines, Japanese

prejudice, hostility, discrimination, segregation

Gentlemen’s Agreement

Mexico: o migrant farm work to

replace Asians o escape poverty & civil

unrest o wages o Prejudice

Canada: o English Protestants

or French Catholics o train and didn't go

too far south (Great Lakes)

o French suffered language discrimination and opposed Americanization

3 waves o 1: 1820-1870 o 2: 1880-1920 o 3: 1965-today

Immigration policy o laws in 20s restrict immigration heavily

2014: foreign-born people living in the US

o 40 million o 13%

Urbanization oPoor living in crowded tenements oPoor Infrastructure

• No paved streets, no sewer systems, unsafe drinking water

Economic inequality oworking and living conditions

Political corruption oWomen have no voting rights oPolitical machines/Political Bosses

• “Boss” Tweed – Tammany Hall (machine)

o Ineffective government • Patronage • Civil Service jobs

• Pendleton Act

Big business o Trusts and monopolies oSherman Anti-Trust Act was

inefficient

This is a Senate of the Monopolies by the Monopolies and for the Monopolies.

Jane Addams oHull House in Chicago

• Settlement House

Journalists who wanted reform Lincoln Steffens

oEditor of McClure's magazine oPublished Shame of the Cities: collection

of articles about political corruption

Jacob Riis

oPhotographer for New York Evening Sun

oPublished How the other Half Lives: photos of unsanitary and horrible living conditions of the poor

Ida Tarbell

oWrote about Rockefeller and corruption in Standard Oil

Upton Sinclair

oWrote novel: The Jungle about the meatpacking industry in Chicago and immigrant working and living conditions

Industrialization, urbanization, immigration = benefits and problems for U.S.

Progressives formed to combat problems

Progressives believed that with new ideas, reform, and efficient government social justice would exist in the U.S.

Progressives wanted government to solve society’s problems

Progressives are from all walks of life: political parties, social classes, ethnic groups, religions, many from middle class

Progressives had much in common with populism (farmers and industrial workers)

o Power away from big business o Make government work for the average citizen too

Social Gospel o Religious reform movement that thought Christianity

should be the basis for reform o Society must take care of people that are less

fortunate

Social Darwinism o Opposed this idea o Progressives believed instead that government

SHOULD get involved in controlling the power of big business

NOT Radicals (socialists): just wanted government to look out for business and workers

Aid to Urban Poor o Settlement house: community center that provided social

services—child care classes, classes in English, nursery schools & kindergarten, theater, art, dance programs for adults

o Jane Addams was a leader in the founding of settlement houses

Child Labor o Florence Kelley o National Child Labor Committee (est. 1902) o US Children's Bureau (est. 1912)—examined issues

involving children o Child Labor banned in 1916 in supreme court case, but

overturned and child labor not outlawed until 1938

Education o Laws passed requiring students to attend school o John Dewey called for students not only to memorize facts,

but to also learn useful skills that apply to daily life

Industrial Workers o 30,000 die on the job each year:1900 o Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire: 1911 o Laws passed protecting workers o Workers compensation laws passed o Laws limiting working hours passed; however 1905 Supreme

Court ruled laws unconstitutional

Government o Galveston, TX hurricane

• Commission form of government instituted to deal with the problems from hurricane

• Commission adopted by other cities for emergency situations

o Election rules established • Direct primary-LaFollette established system where

citizens vote for officials • Initiative-people could propose new laws • Referendum-citizens could approve or disapprove of laws

passed • Recall-voters can remove official from office

Robert Lafollette (WI) o Passed many reform laws in Wisconsin and other states

followed suit o Laws forced railroads to charge less, workers paid more,

improved education, make factories safer, adopt direct primary

Other Progressive Governors o H. Johnson (CA), T. Roosevelt (NY), Woodrow Wilson (NJ)

Problems

• political corruption

• Social

• Cities and Workplaces

•Environment

Muckrakers

• journalists

• L. Steffens

• J. Riis

• I. Tarbell

Reforms • government reform •Social Gospel Movement • Aid to Poor • Child Labor Laws •Education • Industrial Workers unions •Environmental Protection

Square Deal - Fair honest treatment for all o regulate big business and protect workers

Trustbusting - regulating monopolies and breaking up trusts o used Sherman Antitrust Act

Hepburn Act - railroads; gave the federal government the power to set maximum rail shipping rate

Meat Inspection Act - required the Department of Agriculture to inspect packaged meat

Pure Food and Drug Act - established the Food and Drug Administration; must test and approve drugs before they go on the market

Arbitration - legal process to settle disputes between owners and employees

Added 5 National Parks U.S. Forest Service - to protect forests and

natural areas from development 150 million acres of National Forest

Established the Children’s Bureau to investigate the wellbeing of children

8 hour workday for government employees

Added Glacier National Park 2.7 million acres to the National Wildlife

Refuge System

New Freedom - help the common man by limiting trusts

Clayton Antitrust Act - strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act, making it harder operate trusts

Keating-Owen Child Labor Act - any company that operated in more than one state could not hire workers under 14

8 hour workday for railroad workers

Added 4 National Parks Established the National Park Service to

manage and preserve national parks Federal Reserve System - (the “Fed”) central

bank of the U.S. o set interest rates, loan money to banks, make

the banking system more stable

16th Amendment -1913, established a federal income tax o A graduated income tax = higher income pay more taxes

17th Amendment - 1913, direct election of U.S. Senators o before state officials appointed them; often influenced by big business

18th Amendment - 1919, Prohibition o no sale, transfer, manufacture of intoxicating liquors

19th Amendment - 1920, women’s suffrage o gave women the right to vote