Chapter 14: Waves Section 1: Types of Waves. Most of us picture waves of water splashing on a shore...
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Transcript of Chapter 14: Waves Section 1: Types of Waves. Most of us picture waves of water splashing on a shore...
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Chapter 14: WavesSection 1: Types of Waves
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Most of us picture waves of water splashing on a shore when we hear the word…
However, waves are found in other forms.
• Definition: wave – a periodic disturbance that transmits energy.
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• Waves are periodic, which means that they occur one after another in a pattern.
For example…the periodic table list elements one after another in a pattern.
Its easy to see that these ocean waves are periodic…
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Waves are a method of energy transfer, and come in several types.
– Definition: mechanical wave – a wave that requires a medium to travel.
•Definition: medium – any type of matter that can support a wave.
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Waves can be classified according to how they move…
– Definition: transverse wave – a wave that causes a medium to move perpendicular to the wave’s motion.
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Medium
Direction of Wave
TRANSVERSE Wave
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– Definition: longitudinal wave – a wave that causes a medium to move parallel to the wave’s motion.
They are also called “compressional waves”.Why? Because they cause the medium to
compress, or squeeze together.
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Direction of Wave
LONGITUDINAL Wave
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– All mechanical waves are caused by the vibrations of a medium
Some waves do not need a medium in order to transmit energy…
• Definition: electromagnetic wave – a wave that does not require a medium to travel.
– EM Waves can travel through outer space• There is no medium in outer space…
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• Some examples of EM waves:– Sunlight
– UV Rays
– Nuclear Radiation
– Lasers
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• Some uses of EM waves:– Radio– Television– Satellite– GPS Navigation– Telephones– Fiber Optics– Medicine– And on and on and on…
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Chapter 14: WavesSection 2: Characteristics of Waves
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• Crest – the highest point of a transverse wave and the area of highest energy.
• Trough – the lowest point of a transverse wave.
Wave Properties
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– Amplitude – the vertical distance that a wave moves particles.
– Wavelength – the distance between two troughs of a wave. (meters)
Wave Properties
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•Water waves with a large amplitude are great for surfing!
•They also carry more energy!
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– The amplitude of a wave tells how much energy it is carrying.
– The bigger theamplitude, themore energy the wave has.
Wave Properties
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For a longitudinal wave:•Compressions are like crests.•Rarefactions are like troughs.
Compression Rarefaction
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• Wave Period – the time it takes for one full wavelength to pass a point.– Waves with longer wavelength’s have a longer
period.
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•Frequency – the number of wavelengths that pass in a certain time period.•Measured in Hertz
(Hz)
Waves with higher frequency transfer more energy.
Which Wave has the higher frequency?
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Mechanical waves travel best through solids, and worst through gases.
Because a solid’s atoms are tightly bonded, a vibration is quickly passed between atoms.
ENERGY
?
?
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• Definition: Doppler Effect – the change of a wave’s frequency caused by motion.
How does the sound of a siren change as a car passes by you?
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• If the wave source away from you, the frequency seems lower.
• Why? You’re being hit with more wave each second.
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• If the wave source moves toward you, the frequency seems higher.
Why? You’re being hit with more wave each second.
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Chapter 14: WavesSection 3: Wave Interactions
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Waves are energy, plain and simple.When a wave moves from one medium to another,
some of the wave’s energy may be reflected.• Definition: wave reflection – the bouncing
back of a wave when it hits a surface.
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– We are able to see because light is reflected off objects and back to our eyes.
Smooth materials reflect waves better
than rough materials.
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)))
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Rough materials cause waves to collide and lose energy.
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When waves pass the edge of an object, or move through an opening, they bend.
• Definition: diffraction – the bending of a wave when it encounters an obstacle.
•Sound & Light waves diffract when they bend around corners.
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• Water waves can be diffracted as well.
• Notice how the wave changes as it passes through the opening.
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When a wave passes into a new medium, it can bend.
• Definition: refraction – the bending of a wave as it passes into a different medium.
Refraction causes a wave to change its speed.
Is the spoon really broken? Of course not!
Light entering the water bends, and the image that we see is bent as well!
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Light refraction can “break” white light into colors.
Light passes into a new medium, the prism.
The light wave is separated into 7
colors.
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• Because waves are made of energy, many of them can exist in the same place @ the same time.
– When multiple waves meet, a new wave is created.
– Definition: wave interference – the process of two or more waves combining to create a new wave.
Wave Interference
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–Constructive interference produces a more powerful wave.
– If the waves interfere with each other at the right time, they will combine to form a larger wave.
Types of Interference
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– Destructive interference produces a wave that is weaker.
– When 2 opposite waves interfere, they will weaken each other. If they are exactly opposite, they’ll cancel out!
Types of Interference
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