Chapter 14 Summary (Powerpoint)
-
Upload
truongthuan -
Category
Documents
-
view
226 -
download
0
Transcript of Chapter 14 Summary (Powerpoint)
Chapter
Ninth Edition
America: Past and Present
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The Sectional CrisisThe Sectional Crisis
14
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Compromise of 1850
• North and South conflict violently over slavery’s extension into the territories
• No Federal authority to regulate slavery limited what North could do
• Professional politicians mediate conflict• Foreshadows what is to come – Preston
Brooks vs. Charles Sumner
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Problem of Slaveryin the Mexican Cession
• Congressional power over slavery includes:– Setting conditions to make territories states– Forbidding slavery in new states
• Mexican Cession of 1848 puts status of slavery in new territory into question
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Wilmot Proviso Launches the Free-Soil Movement
• Mexican War mobilizes antislavery groups• Wilmot Proviso – Ban slavery in territory
acquired from Mexico– Proviso passes in House, fails in Senate
• Battle over the Proviso foreshadows sectional conflict of 1850s
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Squatter Sovereignty andthe Election of 1848
• Democratic presidential candidate Lewis Cass proposes popular sovereignty– Congress allows territorial settlers to decide
• Free-Soil party formed to limit extension of slavery – racial prejudice and fear of labor competition from slaves
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Taylor Takes Charge
• Taylor proposes admitting California and New Mexico as states immediately
• South reacts angrily– Not enough time for planters to settle– Immediate admission would result in no
slavery• Proposed Nashville convention prompts
fears of Southern secession
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Forging a Compromise
• Henry Clay’s 1850 compromise package– California admitted as a free state – Slave trade prohibited in District of Columbia– Strong fugitive slave law – Enlarged New Mexico territory to be admitted
on basis of popular sovereignty
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
• President Taylor opposes, VP Fillmore supports Clay’s compromise
• July 1850, Taylor dies• Compromise passed as separate
measures
Forging a Compromise
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Compromise of 1850
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Forging a Compromise:The Fugitive Slave Law
• Part of Compromise of 1850• Those accused of being fugitive slaves
denied Constitution rights• Very unpopular in Abolitionist areas• Anthony Burns case in Boston 1854
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Political Upheaval, 1852–1856
• Whigs and Democrats manage controversy in 1850
• Sectionalism destroys both parties in 1850s
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Party System in Crisis
• Parties need new issues after 1850• Democrats succeed:
– Claim credit for the nation’s prosperity – Promise to defend the Compromise of 1850
• Whigs fail, become internally divided• 1852: Whig Winfield Scott loses in a
landslide to Democrat Franklin Pierce
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Kansas-Nebraska ActRaises a Storm
• Senator Stephen Douglas (D–IL) wants Kansas and Nebraska open to settlement to facilitate Transcontinental RR to Chicago and stimulate economy
• 1854: Douglas’s Kansas-Nebraska bill– Apply popular sovereignty to Kansas,
Nebraska– Repeal Missouri Compromise line
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
• Act passes on sectional vote • Northerners outraged, Democratic party
split• Act was catastrophe for sectional harmony
The Kansas-Nebraska ActRaises a Storm
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Kansas-Nebraska Actof 1854
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
• KS-NE Act seen as North making concessions to South, but not getting anything in return
• Whig indecision causes party to disintegrate
• Mass defection among Northern Democrats
The Kansas-Nebraska ActRaises a Storm
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
• “Anti-Nebraska” candidates sweep North in 1854 congressional elections
• Democrats become sole Southern party• Free-Soil Party grows stronger and
becomes Republicans• President Pierce’s effort to acquire Cuba
provokes antislavery firestorm
The Kansas-Nebraska ActRaises a Storm
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
An Appeal to Nativism:The Know-Nothing Episode
• Know-Nothings (American Party) appeals to anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant sentiment – especially against Germans and Irish
• 1854: American Party surges – popular issues of time but did not address slavery
• Party fails: Probable cause: No response to slavery
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Kansas and the Rise of the Republicans
• As result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act the Republican party unites former Whigs, Know-Nothings, Free-Soilers, Northern Democrats
• Defends West for white, small farmers from Slave Power – stop extension of slavery in territories
• Civil War in Kansas is rehearsal for later
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
• Republican Party a sectional party• “Bleeding Kansas” helps Republicans
– Violent struggle between abolitionists and proslavery forces for control of Kansas territory creates a Civil War
– Pro-slavery people come from MO to vote illegally in Kansas election (fraud election)
– Popular Sovereignty failed
Kansas and the Rise of the Republicans
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
“Bleeding Kansas”
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Sectional Division in the Election of 1856
• Republican John C. Frémont seeks votes only in free states
• Know-Nothing Millard Fillmore champions sectional compromise
• Democrat James Buchanan defends the Compromise of 1850, carries election
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Sectional Division in the Election of 1856
• Election really two elections:– North: Freemont vs. Buchanan– South: Fillmore vs. Buchanan
• Republicans make clear gains in North• End of two party system
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The House Divided, 1857–1860
• Sectional quarrel becomes virtually irreconcilable under Buchanan
• Growing sense of deep cultural differences, opposing interests between North and South
• Division was increasing seen in cultural and intellectual terms
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Cultural Sectionalism
• Major Protestant denominations divide into Northern and Southern entities over slavery
• Southern literature romanticizes plantation life
• South seeks intellectual, economic independence
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Cultural Sectionalism
• Northern intellectuals condemn slavery • Uncle Tom’s Cabin an immense success
in North• Harriet Beecher Stowe author of Uncle
Tom’s Cabin• Most important example of literary
abolitionism
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Dred Scott Case
• Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857): Supreme Court can decide on slavery in the territories
• Court refuses narrow determination of case
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Dred Scott Case
• Major arguments:– Scott has no right to sue because neither he
nor any other black, slave or free, is a citizen– Congress has no authority to prohibit slavery
in territories, Missouri Compromise unconstitutional
• Ruling supports Republican claim that an aggressive slave power dominated all branches of federal government
• South likes decision
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Lecompton Controversy
• After fraud election, two capitals set up in Kansas – slavery capital at Lecompton – free capital at Lawrence
• 1857: Rigged Lecompton convention drafts constitution to make Kansas a slave state
• Congress has bitter debates and rejects Lecompton Constitution
• People of Kansas repudiate Lecompton Constitution by 6 to 1 margin in 1858
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Lecompton Controversy
• Lecompton incident more evidence to Republicans of slave power conspiracy
• Lecompton and Dred Scott case destroy Stephen Douglas’s hopes of unified Democratic party protecting popular sovereignty
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Debating the Morality of Slavery
• Lincoln– Decries “Southern plot” to extend slavery– Promises to work for slavery’s extinction– Casts slavery as a moral problem– Defends white supremacy in response to
Douglas
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Debating the Morality of Slavery
• Douglas accuses Lincoln of favoring equality
• Lincoln loses election, gains national reputation
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The South’s Crisis of Fear
• October, 1859: John Brown raids Harper’s Ferry
• Robert E. Lee sent to defeat Brown • Brown executed, many Northerners see
him as martyr• Event increased southern fears of northern
hostility
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The South’s Crisis of Fear
• Hinton Helper’s Impending Crisis of the South asked poor white Southerners to overthrow planter dominance and abolish slavery– Endorsed by House Republican leader John
Sherman
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The South’s Crisis of Fear
• To Southerners, Republicans seen as radical abolitionists
• Southerners convinced they must secede on election of Republican president
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Election of 1860: Republicans
• Abraham Lincoln nominated – Home state of Illinois crucial to election– Seen as moderate
• Platform to widen party’s appeal– High tariffs for industry– Free homesteads for small farmers– Government aid for internal improvements
• Lincoln wins by carrying North
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Election of 1860: Democrats
• Party splits• Northern Democrats
– Stephen Douglas– Continued support for popular sovereignty
• Southern Democrats– John Breckenridge – Federal protection of slavery in territories
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Election of 1860: Constitutional Union Party
• Candidate John Bell• Promises compromise between North
and South
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Election of 1860: Outcome
• 2 contests– North: Lincoln vs. Douglas– South: Bell vs. Breckenridge
• Republicans get electoral majority with all but 3 Northern electoral votes, although only 40% of popular vote nationwide
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Election of 1860: Outcome
• South sees this as beginning of permanent minority status in American politics
• Deep South political leaders launch secession movements
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Explaining the Crisis
• Republicans a strict sectional party• Fundamental conflict of ideals• Southern ideals
– Paternalism, generosity, prosperity– Slavery defended on the grounds of race
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Explaining the Crisis
• Northern ideals– Inspired by evangelical Protestantism– Each person free and responsible – Slavery tyrannical and immoral