Chapter 14: Pursuit of Power in Europe I. Power of Kings: Absolute or Restrained.
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Transcript of Chapter 14: Pursuit of Power in Europe I. Power of Kings: Absolute or Restrained.
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Chapter 14: Pursuit of Power in Europe
I. Power of Kings: Absolute or Restrained
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Absolute Power
• Unlimited and unrestrained• Increase royal authority by:– Increasing control over
finances, religion, and nobility– Increasing size of standing
army and/or developing a strong navy
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Absolute Power
• Increase royal authority by:– Increasing size of
government bureaucracy and making it an instrument of the royal will– Increasing size of territory• Through war if necessary
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Absolute Power
• “Divine right”–God had established it–Most Europeans accepted this
• Representative assemblies
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Absolutism Triumphs in France
• Chief advisers:–Cardinal Richelieu–Cardinal Mazarin
• Louis XIV
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Absolutism Triumphs in France
• Growth of Absolutism–Henry IV–Louis XIII• Came to throne at age 9• Chief minister: Cardinal Richelieu
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Absolutism Triumphs in France
• Growth of Absolutism–Richelieu’s other goals:• Destroy Huguenots• Weaken nobility
–Thirty Years’ War• Gustavus Adolphus• Peace of Westphalia
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Absolutism Triumphs in France
• Growth of Absolutism–Louis XIV• Chief minister: Cardinal Mazarin• Frondes
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Absolutism Triumphs in France
• Epitome of Absolutism: Louis XIV–Became his own chief
minister–“I am the state”
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Absolutism Triumphs in France
• Epitome of Absolutism: Louis XIV–Financial and military policies• Jean-Baptiste Colbert• Reorganized French army
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Absolutism Triumphs in France
• Epitome of Absolutism: Louis XIV–Revocation of the Edict of
Nantes• Huguenots lost remaining freedom to worship• Results
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Absolutism Triumphs in France
• Epitome of Absolutism: Louis XIV–Life at Versailles• “Sun King”• Palace of Versailles• Pride• Base and immoral conduct
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Absolutism Triumphs in France
• Epitome of Absolutism: Louis XIV–Foreign policy• Wars • Financial problems
–Louis XV
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Absolutism Spreads in Europe
• Brandenburg-Prussia– Its resources– Junkers–Frederick William• “The Great Elector”
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Absolutism Spreads in Europe
• Brandenburg-Prussia–Frederick I• Interested in the arts• Imitated Louis XIV• “King in Prussia”
–Frederick William I• Increase in the size of the army
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Absolutism Spreads in Europe
• Brandenburg-Prussia–Frederick II• “Frederick the Great”• Tripled the size of the Prussian state
–Hohenzollern rulers
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Absolutism Spreads in Europe
• Austria–Habsburg rulers–Unable to create strong
absolutist state• Roman Catholic Church and nobility held great power• Surrounded by aggressive neighbors• Ruled many nationalities
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Absolutism Spreads in Europe
• Austria– Joseph II• Actions against the Roman Church
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Absolutism Spreads in Europe
• Russia– Ivan IV “the Terrible”• Cruel and oppressive• Czar
–Romanov family
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Absolutism Spreads in Europe
• Russia–Peter I• Wished to adopt Western ways• New capital called St. Petersburg• Great Northern War• Seized greater control over Russian Orthodox Church
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Absolutism Spreads in Europe
• Russia–Catherine II “the Great”• Immoral and ambitious• Supported certain social reforms• Continued territorial expansion
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Absolutism Defeated in England
• Parliament• James I–Expected conformity to
Anglican Church–Believed he ruled by divine
right–Disputed with Parliament
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Absolutism Defeated in England
• Charles I–Continued to dismiss
Parliament–Petition of Right (1628)–Tried to rule without
Parliament for twelve years–Scotland rebelled
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Absolutism Defeated in England
• Charles I–Forced to recall Parliament• Concessions were made
–Confrontation with Parliament• Roundheads• Cavaliers• Oliver Cromwell
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Absolutism Defeated in England
• Parliamentary forces defeat Charles I–Army refuses to disband–Cromwell’s forces take power–Charles is put to death–Rump Parliament–Protectorate
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Absolutism Defeated in England
– Instrument of Government–Cromwell’s son Richard was
the second Lord Protector–Parliament invited Charles II
to take the throne• The Restoration• Parliament retained much of the power it had won
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Absolutism Defeated in England
• Charles II–Habeas Corpus Act–Tried to remain financially
independent of Parliament
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Absolutism Defeated in England
• James II–Catholic brother of Charles II–Elderly with two daughters–Had a son by his Catholic wife–Parliament invited William
and Mary to take the throne–Glorious Revolution
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Absolutism Defeated in England
• William III and Mary II–Bill of Rights• Forbade future kings or queens from being Roman Catholic
–Act of Settlement• Parliament could grant the throne• No longer a “divine right”
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Absolutism Defeated in England
• Future rulers:–Anne–George I–George II
• Cabinet government
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Chapter 14: Pursuit of Power in Europe
II. Balance of Power
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Balance of Power
• Alliances• Motives for war• Prussia always
against Austria• England always
against France
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War of the Spanish Succession
• 1702-1713• Causes• Grand Alliance–Victorious at Blenheim
and Gibraltar• Queen Anne’s War
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War of the Spanish Succession
• Treaty of Utrecht–Philip retained throne
in Spain only–Spain had to surrender
some of its possessions to Austria–Britain won various
Canadian territories from France
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War of the Austrian Succession
• 1740-1748• Pragmatic Sanction–Maria Theresa
• Began when Frederick II seized Silesia• France, Spain, and
England enter the war
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War of the Austrian Succession
• Fighting occurred in North America and India• Treaty of Aix-la-
Chapelle–Ended fighting–Status quo ante bellum
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Seven Years’ War
• 1756-1763• Diplomatic Revolution• William Pitt’s
strategy• War in North America• War in Europe• Treaty of
Hubertusburg
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Seven Years’ War
• Treaty of Paris–France, Britain, Spain–France lost all territory
on mainland of North America–France lost most of its
commercial holdings in India
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Seven Years’ War
• Treaty of Paris–Spain lost Florida to
Great Britain but received New Orleans and Louisiana from France–England emerged as a
world power
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Partition of Poland
• Diplomacy• Prussia, Russia, and
Austria• Poland disappeared
from the map