Chapter 14 Pre

Chapter 14 Pre-Lecture Quiz Question 1

Part A

Regarding the concept of pathology, infection, and disease, which statement is false?ANSWER

:When a microorganism is in a part of the body where it is not normally found, disease may occur.A great majority of microorganisms are pathogenic.Pathology is concerned with both the structural and functional changes caused by disease.An "infection" is not synonymous with a "disease."

Correct


Part A

Which of the following is an example of the symbiotic relationship known as mutualism?ANSWER

:Saprophytic mycobacteria of the earE. coli within the large intestineOne organism derives nutrients at the expense of anotherThe corynebacteria that inhabit the surface of the eye

Correct

Chapter 14 Foundation Figure Question 1

Part A

According to Koch's postulates, used to identify the etiology of a disease, how many times must microorganisms be grown in pure culture when identifying them?ANSWER

:At least four timesTwiceOnceThree times

Correct


Part A

Why is nephritis not a good candidate for the use of Koch's postulates?ANSWER

:Because many different pathogens cause inflammation of the kidneys.Because the microorganisms cannot be isolated.Because patients die from nephritis.Because the human host exhibits certain signs and symptoms only associated with nephritis.

Correct


Part A

Which microorganisms produce scarlet fever and are a poor disease choice for utilizing Koch's postulates?ANSWER

:Mycobacterium tuberculosisDiphtheria-causing microbesStreptococcus pyogenesTetanus-causing pathogens

Correct


Part A

In order to determine the etiology of a disease using Koch's postulates, which action is appropriate after the initial identification of microorganisms?ANSWER

:Microorganisms are tested on human volunteers.Microorganisms are injected into a diseased animal to confirm pathogenicity.Microorganisms are frozen for further analysis.Microorganisms are injected into a healthy laboratory animal.

Correct

Chapter 14 Microbe Review Question 2

Part A

The number of reported cases of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in the United States reached its maximum during which period?ANSWER

:1997 - 20001979 - 19822003 - 20061992 - 1994

Correct


Part A

If one were studying the etiology of infectious diseases, which of the following requirements should be excluded in order to adhere to Koch's postulates?ANSWER

:The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host, and grown in pure culture.The pathogen must be isolated from inoculated animals, and must not be the original organism.The pathogen isolated from a pure culture must cause the disease in a healthy lab animal.

The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.

Correct


Part A

Regarding the severity or duration of a disease, which of the following is classified as a latent disease?ANSWER

:Infectious mononucleosisTuberculosisInfluenzaShingles

Correct


Part A

A patient is vulnerable to secondary infections during a disease phase that may last from less than 24 hours to several days. What is the name of this stage of disease?ANSWER

:Period of declineProdromal periodPeriod of illnessIncubation period

Correct


Part A

Which of the following statements regarding the incubation period of disease development is true?ANSWER

:It is the period characterized by early, mild symptoms of the disease.The person exhibits overt signs of the decline.The person is regaining strength, and the body is returning to its pre-diseased state.It is the period between the initial infection and the first appearance of any symptoms or signs.

Correct


Part A

Which bacterial zoonoses can be transmitted by direct contact with contaminated domestic livestock?ANSWER

:Trichinellosis and tapewormBrucellosis and anthraxWest Nile encephalitis and rabiesLyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Correct


Part A

Cholera and leptospirosis are diseases that are usually spread via which method of transmission?ANSWER

:Biological transmissionVehicle transmissionDroplet transmissionMechanical transmission

Correct


Part A

Of the organisms listed, which has been isolated most frequently from both pneumonia and surgical wound infections of nosocominal origin?ANSWER

:EnterococcusHaemophilusStaphylococcus aureusEnterobacter

Correct

Microbiology Animation: Nosocomial Infections: Overview

Click here to complete this activity.

Then answer the questions.

Part A

According to the animation, surgical infections account for what percentage of nosocomial infections?ANSWER

:11%40%15%8%20%

Correct

http://session.masteringmicrobiology.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=1051738

Part B

What type of nosocomial infection is likely to arise from intravenous catheterizations?ANSWER

:Lower respiratoryCutaneousUrinary tractSurgicalBacteremia

Correct

Part C

How might a patient who is not being treated with an antibiotic still be exposed to an antibiotic?ANSWER

:Antibiotics can be used in aerosols, thereby entering the environment.Visitors currently being treated with antibiotics can pass them on to the patient.Health care workers being treated with antibiotics may pass the antibiotic on to the patient.

Correct

Part D

Why are invasive procedures likely to increase the risk of nosocomial infections?ANSWER

:Invasive procedures must use antibiotics.Invasive procedures require long term hospital stays, thereby increasing the number of visitors seen by the patient.These procedures are carried out by health care workers, who carry resistant microbes.These procedures allow microbes from the skin to enter the bloodstream of the patient.

Correct

Part E

How can health care workers reduce the occurrence of nosocomial infections?ANSWER

:Administer all medications orally instead of through injectionsPractice more stringent aseptic techniquesLimit the number of visitors who can see the patientReduce the number of times they visit a patient

Correct

Microbiology Animation: Nosocomial Infections: Prevention



Part A

The health of the patientANSWER

:should be the primary concern of the healthcare worker.is secondary to the health of co-workers in healthcare settings.is secondary to the health of the healthcare worker.

Correct

Part B

How can surgeons help to limit nosocomial infections?ANSWER

:They should perform surgeries and invasive procedures only when absolutely necessary.They should prescribe immunosuppressive drugs to their patients.They should only operate on healthy individuals.They should prescribe as many antibiotics as possible.

Correct

Part C

If a patient notices a healthcare worker not following suggested precautions,


ANSWER:

they should immediately wash their hands.they should leave the healthcare facility immediately.they should immediately bring it to the attention of the healthcare worker.

Correct

Part D

Which of the following characteristics of a catheter should be considered, to help minimize the spread of nosocomial infections?ANSWER

:LongInexpensiveReusableWashableSingle-use

Correct

Part E

Which of the following statements is true regarding hand washing?ANSWER

:Frequent and proper hand washing should be routinely done by patients and by healthcare workers, both prior to and after interaction.Hand washing should be done frequently by patients.Hand washing should be done frequently by healthcare workers.Hand washing should be done before and after patient interaction.

Correct


Part A

Which of the following statements does not correctly describe the epidemiological graphs indicating the incidence of Lyme disease and tuberculosis?ANSWER

:In 1993, there were between 5,000 - 10,000 total cases of Lyme disease reported, fewer than the number reported in 1992.The incidence of Lyme disease has declined since 2001.The number of reported tuberculosis cases has remained at <20 cases per 100,000 people since about 1975.The incidence of Lyme disease is higher during the summer months than during the spring months.

Correct


Part A

The number of people affected by a disease in a given period of time is called the ______.ANSWER

:morbidity rate

mortality ratenotifiable infectious disease ratecohort

Correct

Microbiology Animation: Epidemiology: Occurrence of Diseases



Part A

Expected prevalence of a disease isANSWER

:the expected occurrence of a disease based on past observations.the anticipated geographical spread of a disease based on past observances.the number of new cases of a disease over a period of time.the total number of cases of a disease over a period of time.

Correct

Part B

In the sixth segment of the animation, why is the disease epidemic in North America?ANSWER

:Only a few cases are occurring in this region.The disease occurs at a higher rate than what would normally be expected in this region.The disease occurs at a lower rate than what would normally be expected in this region.


The disease has spread to North America from Europe.

Correct

Part C

In the last segment of the animation, how many regions of the world experience the pandemic during April of year four?Hint C.1

Hint not displayed

ANSWER:

FourTwoSixFive

Correct

Part D

In the last segment of the animation, when does the first epidemic occur?ANSWER

:April of year fourJanuary of year threeMarch of year twoJanuary of year fourSeptember of year three

Correct

Part E

If a disease occurs at a fairly stable rate, it is said to beANSWER

:pandemic.sporadic.endemic.epidemic.

Correct

Microbiology Animation: Epidemiology: Overview



Part A

Epidemiology is defined as the study ofANSWER

:when a disease occurs.how a disease is transmitted.where and when a disease occurs, and how it is transmitted.where a disease occurs.

Correct

Part B

What is the role of epidemiology?ANSWER

:To learn what diseases can be caused by respiratory pathogens.To learn which medicines are effective at killing pathogens.To learn which organisms cause disease.To learn how to treat and prevent various diseases.

Correct

Microbiology Animation: Epidemiology: Transmission of Disease




Part A

Which of the following would be considered a fomite?ANSWER

:A flyA tickAn infected toyContaminated water

Correct

Part B

Which of the following would be considered a vector?ANSWER

:Water droplets that come from a sneeze from an infected individualA fly carrying disease from fecal matter to foodSaliva that is transmitted between individuals during kissingWater containing bacteria from fecal matter

Correct

Part C

When aerosols containing pathogens spread disease from a distance of less than one meter, it is consideredANSWER

:contact transmission.vector transmission.waterborne transmission.


airborne transmission.

Correct

Part D

Which of the following is considered a major category of transmission of disease?ANSWER

:Vector transmissionVehicle transmissionContact transmissionContact, vehicle, and vector transmission

Correct

Part E

Which is an example of vehicle disease transmission?ANSWER

:The transmission of MRSA from skin to skin contactTouching a telephone with cold viruses on its surfaceThe bite of a mosquito containing malariaThe presence of Listeria on undercooked chicken served for dinner

Correct

Chapter 14 Question 1 - Objective

Part A

A commensal bacteriumANSWER

:does not receive any benefit from its host.may be an opportunistic pathogen.does not infect its host.is beneficial to its host.is beneficial to its host and does not infect its host.

Correct


Part A

Which of the following statements is true?ANSWER

:Symbiosis refers to different organisms living together and benefiting from each other.A parasite is not in symbiosis with its host.Members of a symbiotic relationship cannot live without each other.At least two members must benefit in a symbiotic relationship.Symbiosis refers to different organisms living together.

Correct


Part A

A nosocomial infection isANSWER

:Always caused by pathogenic bacteria.Always caused by medical personnel.Acquired during the course of hospitalization.Only a result of surgery.Always present but is inapparent at the time of hospitalization.

Correct


Part A

The major significance of Koch's work was thatANSWER

:Diseases can be transmitted from one animal to another.Microorganisms cause disease.Microorganisms can be cultured.Microorganisms are the result of disease.Microorganisms are present in a diseased animal.

Correct


Part A

Koch's postulates don't apply to all diseases becauseANSWER

:Some microorganisms don't cause the same disease in laboratory animals.Some microorganisms can't be observed.Not all diseases are caused by microorganisms.Some microorganisms cause different symptoms under different conditions.Some microorganisms can't be cultured in laboratory media.

Correct


Part A

Which of the following diseases is NOT spread by droplet infection?ANSWER

:Common coldMeaslesDiphtheriaTuberculosisBotulism

Correct


Part A

Mechanical transmission differs from biological transmission in that mechanical transmissionANSWER

:Requires direct contact.Doesn't require an arthropod.Involves fomites.Doesn't involve specific diseases.

Doesn't work with noncommunicable diseases.

Correct


Part A

Which of the following definitions is incorrect?ANSWER

:Incidence – number of new cases of a diseaseEndemic – a disease that is constantly present in a populationEpidemic – fraction of the population having a disease at a specified timeSporadic – a disease that affects a population occasionallyPandemic – a disease that affects a large number of people in the world in a short time

Correct


Part A

A ___________ infection is when an agent from a local infection moves to a different location in the body and creates another infection confined to that area.ANSWER

:Systemic infectionSepticemiaFocal infectionLocal infectionBacteremia

Correct


Part A

Which type of infection can be caused by septicemia?

ANSWER:

Focal infectionSystemic infectionBacteremiaLocal infectionViremia

Correct


Part A

Koch observed Bacillus anthracis multiplying in the blood of cattle. What is this condition called?ANSWER

:Focal infectionSystemic infectionBacteremiaLocal infectionSepticemia

Correct


Part A

Which one of the following does NOT contribute to the incidence of nosocomial infections?ANSWER

:Lack of insect controlFormation of biofilmsLack of handwashingGram-negative cell wallsLapse in aseptic techniques

Correct


Part A

Transient microbiota differ from normal microbiota because transient microbiotaANSWER

:Are present for a relatively short time.Are acquired by direct contact.Cause diseases.Are found in a certain location on the host.Never cause disease.

Correct


Part A

Which of the following statements about nosocomial infections is false?ANSWER

:The patient was infected before hospitalization.They occur in compromised patients.They are caused by drug-resistant bacteria.They are caused by normal microbiota.They are caused by opportunists.

Correct


Part A

One effect of washing regularly with antibacterial agents is the removal of normal microbiota. This can result inANSWER

:Fewer diseases.Increased susceptibility to disease.Normal microbiota returning immediately.Body odor.No bacterial growth because washing removes their food source.

Correct


Part A

Which of the following is NOT a reservoir of infection?ANSWER

:A sick personA hospitalA sick animalA healthy personAll of the above can be reservoirs of infection.

Correct


Part A

Which of the following is NOT a communicable diseases?ANSWER

:TuberculosisMalariaAIDSTyphoid feverTetanus

Correct


Part A

Which of the following statements about biological transmission is false?ANSWER

:Houseflies are an important vector.The pathogen reproduces in the vector.The pathogen may enter the host in the vector's feces.The pathogen may be injected by the bite of the vector.The pathogen may require the vector as a host.

Correct


Part A

Which of the following is a fomite?ANSWER

:WaterInsectsPusDroplets from a sneezeA hypodermic needle

Correct


Part A

Which of the following definitions is incorrect?ANSWER

:Acute – a short-lasting primary infectionChronic – a disease that develops slowly and lasts for monthsSecondary infection – a long-lasting illnessInapparent – infection characteristic of a carrier statePrimary infection – an initial illness

Correct


Part A

Symptoms of disease differ from signs of disease in that symptomsANSWER

:Are changes observed by the physician.Are specific for a particular disease.

Always occur as part of a syndrome.Are changes felt by the patient.None of the above.

Correct


Part A

The science that deals with when diseases occur and how they are transmitted is calledANSWER

:Ecology.Communicable disease.Public health.Epidemiology.Morbidity and mortality.

Correct


Part A

The figure shows the incidence of influenza during a typical year. Which letter on the graph indicates the endemic level?

ANSWER:

abcd

Correct


Part A

Emergence of infectious diseases can be due to all of the following EXCEPTANSWER

:Travel.Microbes trying to cause disease.Climatic changes.Digging up soil.Antibiotic resistance.

Correct


Part A

Which of the following can contribute to postoperative infections?ANSWER

:Errors in aseptic techniqueUsing syringes more than onceAntibiotic resistanceNormal microbiota on the operating room staffAll of the above

Correct


Part A

A cold transmitted by a facial tissue is an example ofANSWER

:Vector.Direct contact.Fomite.Vehicle transmission.Droplet transmission.

Correct


Part A

Influenza transmitted by an unprotected sneeze is an example ofANSWER

:Droplet transmission.Vector.Vehicle transmission.Fomite.Direct contact.

Correct


Part A

A sexually transmitted disease is an example ofANSWER

:Fomite.Vehicle transmission.Vector.Direct contact.Droplet transmission.

Correct


Part A

Gastroenteritis acquired from roast beef is an example ofANSWER

:Vector.Direct contact.Droplet transmission.Vehicle transmission.Fomite.

Correct


Part A

A needlestick is an example ofANSWER

:Vector.Droplet transmission.Fomite.Direct contact.Vehicle transmission.

Correct


Part A

Legionellosis transmitted by a grocery store mist machine is an example ofANSWER

:Fomite.Direct contact.Vehicle transmission.Vector.Droplet transmission.

Correct


Part A

Plague transmitted by a flea is an example ofANSWER

:Fomite.Vector.Vehicle transmission.Droplet transmission.Direct contact.

Correct


Part A

The most likely mode of transmission of pneumonic plague between humans isANSWER

:Droplet transmission.Direct contact.Vehicle transmission.Vector.Fomite.

Correct


Part A

During a 6-month period, 239 cases of pneumonia occurred in a town of 300 people. A clinical case was defined as fever 39°C lasting >2 days with three or more symptoms (i.e., chills, sweats, severe headache, cough, aching muscles/joints, fatigue, or feeling ill). A laboratory-confirmed case was defined as a positive result for antibodies against Coxiella burnetii. Before the outbreak, 2000 sheep were kept northwest of the town. Of the 20 sheep tested from the flock, 15 were positive for C. burnetii antibodies. Wind blew from the

northwest, and rainfall was 0.5 cm compared with 7 to 10 cm during each of the previous 3 years.

The situation is an example ofANSWER

:A vector.A zoonosis.A focal infection.A nonliving reservoir.Human reservoirs.

Correct


Part A

During a 6-month period, 239 cases of pneumonia occurred in a town of 300 people. A clinical case was defined as fever 39°C lasting >2 days with three or more symptoms (i.e., chills, sweats, severe headache, cough, aching muscles/joints, fatigue, or feeling ill). A laboratory-confirmed case was defined as a positive result for antibodies against Coxiella burnetii. Before the outbreak, 2000 sheep were kept northwest of the town. Of the 20 sheep tested from the flock, 15 were positive for C. burnetii antibodies. Wind blew from the northwest, and rainfall was 0.5 cm compared with 7 to 10 cm during each of the previous 3 years.

In the situation, the etiologic agent of the disease isANSWER

:Wind.Soil.Coxiella burnetii.Pneumonia.Sheep.

Correct


Part A

The yeast Candida albicans does not normally cause disease because ofANSWER

:Antagonistic bacteria.Commensal bacteria.Parasitic bacteria.Symbiotic bacteria.Other fungi.

Correct


Part A

Which one of the following is NOT an example of microbial antagonism?ANSWER

:Acid production by bacteriaBacteriocin productionBacteria causing diseaseBacteria occupying host receptorsBacteria producing vitamin K

Correct


Part A

During a 6-month period, 239 cases of pneumonia occurred in a town of 300 people. A clinical case was defined as fever 39°C lasting >2 days with three or more symptoms (i.e., chills, sweats, severe headache, cough, aching muscles/joints, fatigue, or feeling ill). A laboratory-confirmed case was defined as a positive result for antibodies against Coxiella burnetii. Before the outbreak, 2000 sheep were kept northwest of the town. Of the 20 sheep tested from the flock, 15 were positive for C. burnetii antibodies. Wind blew from the northwest, and rainfall was 0.5 cm compared with 7 to 10 cm during each of the previous 3 years.

In the situation, the method of transmission of this disease wasANSWER

:Direct contact.

Vector-borne.Droplet.Indirect contact.Vehicle.

Correct


Part A

Which one of the following statements is false?ANSWER

:USA100 accounts for most hospital-acquired MRSA.S. aureus is differentiated from other mannitol+ cocci by the coagulase test.Antimicrobial therapy for hemodialysis-associated infections increases antibiotic resistance.USA300 accounts for most community-acquired MRSA.The M in MRSA stands for mannitol.

Correct


Part A

The graph in the figure shows the incidence of polio in the United States. The period between 1945 and 1955 indicatesANSWER

:A communicable disease.A pandemic.An endemic level.An epidemic level.A sporadic infection.

Correct


Part A

Pseudomonas bacteria colonized the bile duct of a patient following his liver transplant surgery. This is an example of aANSWER

:Latent infection.Nosocomial infection.Communicable disease.Sporadic disease.None of the above.

Correct

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