North and SouthChapter 14 pp. 406 - 429

Section 1: Industry in the North

Main Idea:As the Northern

economy grew, new inventions and faster transportation changed the way goods were manufactured and shipped.

New Inventions

New inventions for farming were created in the North including new plows, reapers and drills.• Jethro Wood’s iron plow had

replaceable parts

• John Deere invented the more lightweight steel plow.

The Telegraph

Invented by Samuel Morse in 1844.

The device sent electrical signals down a wire in a code of dots, dashes, and spaces.

Communication across the country got faster and improved business efficiency.

The First Railroads

Locomotive – the engine that pulls railroad cars.

People didn’t like the idea of railroads at first:• Some feared losing jobs as wagon drivers

• There were many accidents including breakdowns and fires.

Eventually problems were fixed and by the 1850’s the railroad system was all over the country.

Yankee Clippers

Demand for imports and exports led to the need for fast trade ships.• Large masts and huge sails helped the ships

use more wind to move the ship faster.

By the 1850’s, English iron steamships were being used. • They were faster and sturdier than wooden

clipper ships.

The Northern Economy Expands Many factors led to an

expansion of the Northern economy: • Steam power• Machine-Produced goods• Railroad distribution of goods

Northern farmers left their homes to work in factories or as clerks or sailors due to the importation of cheap food from the West.

Section 2: Life in the North

Main Idea:Industry in the North

changed with the arrival of new immigrants and the efforts of factory workers to improve their working conditions.

Factory Conditions Become Worse

Artisans made small amounts of quality goods by hand.

Factory owners were more interested in volume; more goods = more money.

Workers labored for over 12 hours a day in unsafe conditions.• Sometimes entire families worked in one

factory.

Workers Join Together

Artisans formed trade unions to argue for better wages and conditions.• If their demands were not listened

to, worker would stop working (strike)

Women workers in New England textile mills organized as well.• Sarah Bagley formed the Lowell

Female Labor Reform Association.

A New Wave of Immigrants

Many people immigrated to America in the early 1840’s due to famines in Ireland and Germany.

Some native-born Americans feared losing jobs to immigrants (Nativists).

• Know-Nothing Party – An anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic political party who met in secret.

• When asked, members said, “I know nothing.”

African Americans in the North There was discrimination against free African Americans in

the North. Some African Americans were successful.

• William Whipper – Lumberyard owner

• Henry Boyd – Owned a furniture business

• Henry Blair – invented a corn planting machine

• Macon Allen – first African American lawyer

• John Russwurn – editor of the first African American newspaper.

Section 3: Cotton Kingdom in the South

Main Idea

Cotton was the leading crop in the agricultural economy of the South

Cotton Gin, Cotton Boom

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin made processing raw cotton faster.• Cotton profits grew.

Cotton farming expanded to the West, as did slavery.• More slaves were needed to

pick more cotton on bigger farms.

An Agricultural Economy / Economically Dependent

Cotton was not the only cash crop of the South.

• Rice

• Tobacco

• Sugar Cane

• Livestock Industry was limited to

meeting the needs of the community, not for export.

Due to the lack of local industry, the South became dependent on the North for:• Furniture

• Farm Equipment

• Machines

Section 4: Life in the South

Main Idea:Most white

southerners were not plantation owners; however, the plantation system and slavery were the center of southern life.

The “Cottonocracy”

Wealthy planters with 20 or more slaves• Only 3% of Southerners

• Only 1% had more than 50 slaves. Most southern whites were not

part of the “Cottonocracy.” • Small Farmers – 75% of the

population

• Worked in the fields along side the slaves.

African Americans in the South Free African

Americans:• Most lived in the northern

part of the South (Maryland, Delaware) where slavery was declining.

• Slave owners made life very hard for free African Americans.

Enslaved African Americans:• 1/3 of the Southern

population by 1860

• Most lived difficult lives and were mistreated and abused.

• Slave Codes were laws that restricted the lives of slaves including learning to read or meet in groups.

Family Life and Religion

Families of slaves were often separated and sold, but extended families that were able to stay together were a source of strength, pride, and love.

Religion helped slaves cope with the conditions. • Most slaves were devout Christians and

would sing hymns and spirituals while working the fields.

Resistance Against Slavery

Some slaves escaped to the North, others would resist by breaking tools, destroying crops, and stealing food.

Denmark Vesey was executed before he could stage a revolt.

Nat Turner and his followers killed 57 whites over two months before being caught and hung.