Chapter 14 Multiple Deposit Creation and the Money Supply Process.
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Transcript of Chapter 14 Multiple Deposit Creation and the Money Supply Process.
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Chapter 14
Multiple Deposit Creation and the Money Supply Process
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© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 15-2
Meaning and Function of Money
Economist’s Meaning of Money1. Anything that is generally accepted in payment for goods and services2. Not the same as wealth or income
Functions of Money1. Medium of exchange2. Unit of account3. Store of value
Evolution of Payments System1. Precious metals like gold and silver2. Paper currency (fiat money)3. Checks4. Electronic means of payment5. Electronic money: Debit cards, Stored-value cards, Smart cards, E-cash
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© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 15-3
Four Players in the Money Supply Process
1. Central bank: the Fed
2. Banks
3. Depositors
4. Borrowers from banks
Federal Reserve System
1. Conducts monetary policy
2. Clears checks
3. Regulates banks
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© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 15-4
The Fed’s Balance Sheet
Federal Reserve System
Government securities
Discount loans
Currency in circulation
Reserves
Assets Liabilities
Monetary Base, MB = C + R
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© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 15-5
Control of the Monetary Base
Open Market Purchase from Bank The Banking System The FedAssets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
Securities – $100 Securities + $100 Reserves + $100Reserves + $100Open Market Purchase from Public Public The FedAssets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
Securities – $100 Securities + $100 Reserves + $100Deposits + $100 Banking SystemAssets Liabilities
Reserves Checkable Deposits+ $100 + $100
Result: R $100, MB $100
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© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 15-6
If Person Cashes Check
Public The FedAssets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
Securities – $100 Securities + $100 Currency + $100Currency + $100Result: R unchanged, MB $100Effect on MB certain, on R uncertain
Shifts From Deposits into Currency
Public The FedAssets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
Deposits – $100 Currency + $100Currency + $100 Reserves – $100
Banking SystemAssets Liabilities
Reserves – $100 Deposits – $100Result: R $100, MB unchanged
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© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 15-7
Discount Loans
Banking System The Fed
Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
Reserves Discount Discount Reserves
+ $100 loan + $100 loan + $100 + $100
Result: R $100, MB $100
Conclusion: Fed has better ability to control MB than R
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15-8
Deposit Creation: Single Bank
First National BankAssets Liabilities
Securities – $100Reserves + $100
First National BankAssets Liabilities
Securities – $100 Deposits + $100Reserves + $100Loans + $100
First National BankAssets Liabilities
Securities – $100 Deposits + $100Loans + $100
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© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 15-9
Deposit Creation: Banking System
Bank A
Assets Liabilities
Reserves + $100 Deposits + $100
Bank A
Assets Liabilities
Reserves + $10 Deposits + $100Loans + $90
Bank B
Assets Liabilities
Reserves + $90 Deposits + $90
Bank B
Assets Liabilities
Reserves + $ 9 Deposits + $90Loans + $81
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© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 15-10
Deposit Creation
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© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 15-11
Deposit Creation
If Bank A buys securities with $90 check
Bank A
Assets Liabilities
Reserves + $10 Deposits + $100
Securities + $90
Seller deposits $90 at Bank B and process is same
Whether bank makes loans or buys securities, get same deposit expansion
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© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 15-12
Deposit Multiplier
Simple Deposit Multiplier
1D = R
r
Deriving the formulaR = RR = r D
1D = R
r
1D = R
r
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© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 15-13
Deposit Creation:Banking System as a Whole
Banking System
Assets Liabilities
Securities – $100 Deposits + $1000
Reserves + $100
Loans + $1000
Critique of Simple Model
Deposit creation stops if:
1. Proceeds from loan kept in cash
2. Bank holds excess reserves
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© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 15-14
Money Multiplier
M = m MB
Deriving Money Multiplier
R = RR + ER
RR = r D
R = (r D) + ER
Adding C to both sides
R + C = MB = (r D) + ER + C
1. Tells us amount of MB needed support D, ER and C
2. $1 of MB in ER, not support D or C
MB = (r D) + (e D) + (c D)
= (r + e + c) D
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© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 15-15
1D = MB
r + e + c
M = D + (c D ) = (1 + c) D
1 + cM = MB
r + e + c
1 + cm =
r + e + c
m < 1/r because no multiple expansion for currency and because as D ER
Full Model
M = m (MBn + DL)
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15-16
Excess Reserves Ratio
Determinants of e1. i , relative Re on ER (opportunity cost ), e 2. Expected deposit outflows, ER insurance worth more, e
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Factors Determining Money Supply
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Deposits at Failed Banks: 1929–33
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e, c: 1929–33
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© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 15-20
Money Supply and Monetary Base: 1929–33