Chapter 14: Chapter 14: IndustrializationIndustrialization

What was discovered in What was discovered in Titusville, Pennsylvania?Titusville, Pennsylvania?

Black gold, or oil, was Black gold, or oil, was discovered.discovered.

It was refined into It was refined into kerosene.kerosene.

Later, gasoline was used Later, gasoline was used to fuel transportation to fuel transportation systems as well as to systems as well as to provide fuel for the rapid provide fuel for the rapid industrialization industrialization sweeping the nation after sweeping the nation after the Civil War.the Civil War.

How was steel produced?How was steel produced?

The Bessemer steel The Bessemer steel process produced process produced steel out of iron by steel out of iron by removing the removing the impurities.impurities.

Railroads were Railroads were constructed with constructed with steel, along with steel, along with skyscrapers, bridges, skyscrapers, bridges, and barbed wire.and barbed wire.

What were some of What were some of Edison’s contributions?Edison’s contributions?

Thomas Edison developed a Thomas Edison developed a research laboratory at Menlo research laboratory at Menlo Park, NJ.Park, NJ.

He created a system for He created a system for distributing electrical power distributing electrical power as well as perfected the as well as perfected the incandescent light bulb.incandescent light bulb.

Electricity contributed to Electricity contributed to industrialization, allowing industrialization, allowing factories to operate longer factories to operate longer hours and away from power hours and away from power sources, like rivers.sources, like rivers.

What were some significant What were some significant inventions at the turn of the inventions at the turn of the century?century?

Christopher Sholes Christopher Sholes invented the invented the typewriter.typewriter.

Alexander Graham Alexander Graham Bell invented the Bell invented the telephone.telephone. Both of these Both of these

inventions opened up inventions opened up jobs for women in the jobs for women in the workplace.workplace.

What occurred in What occurred in Promontory, Utah in Promontory, Utah in 1869?1869?

The Union Pacific and The Union Pacific and the Central Pacific met to the Central Pacific met to form the first form the first transcontinental railroad. transcontinental railroad.

Railroads began laying Railroads began laying track at a rapid pace track at a rapid pace throughout the nation.throughout the nation.

The government assisted The government assisted the railroads by giving the railroads by giving them land grants.them land grants.

What were some major What were some major groups that built the groups that built the railroads?railroads?

Chinese and Chinese and Irish immigrants Irish immigrants were encouraged were encouraged to migrate to the to migrate to the US to construct US to construct the railroads.the railroads.

Civil War Civil War veterans also veterans also took part.took part.

Who manufactured sleeping Who manufactured sleeping cars for railroad companies?cars for railroad companies?

George Pullman built a George Pullman built a factory to manufacture factory to manufacture sleepers.sleepers.

He also created a town He also created a town around the factory that around the factory that workers had to live in.workers had to live in.

However, workers However, workers couldn’t loiter or drink couldn’t loiter or drink alcohol, even on their alcohol, even on their own time.own time.

How did the government try to How did the government try to protect consumers against protect consumers against

corporate abuses?corporate abuses? In In Munn v. IllinoisMunn v. Illinois, the Granger , the Granger

laws were upheld. These laws were upheld. These reinforced the right of the states reinforced the right of the states to regulate railroads on behalf of to regulate railroads on behalf of farmers and consumers.farmers and consumers.

Congress then passed the Congress then passed the Interstate Commerce Act, which Interstate Commerce Act, which stated that the federal stated that the federal government could regulate the government could regulate the railroads through the railroads through the ICCommission.ICCommission.

In 1890, the Sherman Antitrust In 1890, the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed. This made it Act was passed. This made it illegal to form a trust that illegal to form a trust that interfered with trade.interfered with trade.

These laws would remain largely These laws would remain largely dormant for decades.dormant for decades.

What was the economic What was the economic situation at the end of the situation at the end of the 1890s?1890s?

Due to overbuilding, Due to overbuilding, corporate scandals, like corporate scandals, like Credit Mobilier, and Credit Mobilier, and mismanagement, the Panic mismanagement, the Panic of 1893 arose.of 1893 arose. People lost their jobs, People lost their jobs,

businesses closed, and some businesses closed, and some industries were in jeopardy.industries were in jeopardy.

After reorganization of the After reorganization of the railroad industry under JP railroad industry under JP Morgan investment firm, Morgan investment firm, only a few companies only a few companies dominated the whole dominated the whole industry.industry.

Who dominated the steel Who dominated the steel industry?industry?

Andrew Carnegie, a Andrew Carnegie, a Scottish immigrant, created Scottish immigrant, created Carnegie Steel, which after Carnegie Steel, which after being sold to United States being sold to United States Steel, became the largest Steel, became the largest steel company in the world.steel company in the world.

He used tactics such as He used tactics such as vertical and horizontal vertical and horizontal integration to control all integration to control all aspects of steel production aspects of steel production as well as to eliminate his as well as to eliminate his competition.competition.

What theory justified the What theory justified the huge disparity between the huge disparity between the rich and the poor?rich and the poor?

Social Darwinism stated that Social Darwinism stated that there were naturally inferior and there were naturally inferior and superior people.superior people.

The rich and whites were The rich and whites were superior. Their money was a superior. Their money was a sign that they were favored by sign that they were favored by God.God.

Poor people were inferior and Poor people were inferior and deserved their lot in life. Nothing deserved their lot in life. Nothing should be done to help them in should be done to help them in order to weed them out of order to weed them out of society.society. Carnegie wrote Carnegie wrote The Gospel of The Gospel of

WealthWealth, which is a defense of , which is a defense of Social Darwinism. But, other Social Darwinism. But, other books, such as those written by books, such as those written by Horatio AlgerHoratio Alger, glorified riches., glorified riches.

Who dominated the oil Who dominated the oil industry?industry?

John D. Rockefeller’s John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil, Standard Oil, controlled about 90% controlled about 90% of the country’s oil.of the country’s oil.

He formed illegal He formed illegal mergers, called mergers, called trusts, in order to trusts, in order to control the market. control the market. He also engaged in He also engaged in price gouging to wipe price gouging to wipe out his competition.out his competition.

What nickname did What nickname did industrialists receive at the industrialists receive at the turn of the century?turn of the century?

Robber barons were Robber barons were wealthy industrialists wealthy industrialists who manipulated the who manipulated the system to their system to their advantage and advantage and accumulated excesses accumulated excesses of money that the world of money that the world had never seen.had never seen.

However, they were also However, they were also innovators who donated innovators who donated incredible sums to incredible sums to libraries, universities, libraries, universities, and for medical and for medical research.research.

How did workers begin to How did workers begin to fight for rights?fight for rights?

Workers began to Workers began to form unions in order form unions in order to fight for fair to fight for fair wages, safe working wages, safe working conditions, and limits conditions, and limits on the work week.on the work week.

What were some of the major What were some of the major labor unions at the turn of the labor unions at the turn of the century and who led them?century and who led them?

Uriah Stevens formed the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor; Uriah Stevens formed the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor; membership was open to all and advocated for equal pay for equal work membership was open to all and advocated for equal pay for equal work and the eight hour workday.and the eight hour workday.

Samuel Gompers led the American Federation of Labor, which used Samuel Gompers led the American Federation of Labor, which used strikes as a major bargaining tactic.strikes as a major bargaining tactic.

Eugene Debs led the American Railway Union and eventually turned to Eugene Debs led the American Railway Union and eventually turned to socialism, which involves government regulation of business.socialism, which involves government regulation of business.

William ‘Big Bill’ Haywood led the Industrial Workers of the World, or the William ‘Big Bill’ Haywood led the Industrial Workers of the World, or the Wobblies. They also turned to socialism to check unregulated capitalism.Wobblies. They also turned to socialism to check unregulated capitalism.

What happened in the What happened in the Great Strike of 1877?Great Strike of 1877?

When workers for the When workers for the Baltimore and Ohio Baltimore and Ohio Railroad went on Railroad went on strike, President strike, President Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford B. Hayes called out federal called out federal troops to end it.troops to end it.

What happened in the What happened in the Homestead Strike?Homestead Strike?

When workers at Carnegie When workers at Carnegie Steel’s Homestead plant went on Steel’s Homestead plant went on strike, President Frick hired scabs strike, President Frick hired scabs to replace them.to replace them.

Violence broke out when the Violence broke out when the privately-hired Pinkerton agents privately-hired Pinkerton agents intervened.intervened.

Public opinion initially supported Public opinion initially supported the workers, but then, after Frick’s the workers, but then, after Frick’s assassination attempt, turned assassination attempt, turned against them.against them.

Once Carnegie and Frick Once Carnegie and Frick destroyed the union, they slashed destroyed the union, they slashed wages 50% and the town wages 50% and the town surrounding the company was surrounding the company was reduced to squalor after one year.reduced to squalor after one year.

What happened at the What happened at the Pullman Company strike?Pullman Company strike?

When Pullman slashed When Pullman slashed wages, but not the wages, but not the monthly rent to live in the monthly rent to live in the town, workers went on town, workers went on strike.strike.

President Grover President Grover Cleveland called out Cleveland called out federal troops to federal troops to suppress the strike.suppress the strike.

Overall, despite some Overall, despite some setbacks, union setbacks, union membership grew into membership grew into the 20the 20thth century. century.

Who organized on behalf Who organized on behalf of child laborers?of child laborers?

Mother Jones worked Mother Jones worked to end child labor.to end child labor.

She organized a She organized a children’s march on children’s march on Washington to fight Washington to fight for legislation.for legislation.

What event prompted calls What event prompted calls for changes in the garment for changes in the garment industry?industry?

The fire at the Triangle The fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory killed Shirtwaist Factory killed 146 women because the 146 women because the exits had been locked.exits had been locked.

Due to the fact that most Due to the fact that most garment workers were garment workers were women and they worked women and they worked in unsafe conditions, in unsafe conditions, Pauline Newman led the Pauline Newman led the International Ladies’ International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union Garment Workers’ Union to fight for safety to fight for safety regulations.regulations.