Chapter 14Immigration and Urbanization

1865 to 1914Page 462

Section 1New Immigrants

• Compare new immigration to earlier immigration

• Explain push and pull factors• Describe challenges of Immigration• Analyze how immigrants adapted to American

life while keeping some aspects of culture

A. New Immigrants

• Early immigrants– Coming for economic opportunity and religious

freedom– Protestants from Northern and Western Europe– Wealthier and educated – Settle on farms

• New Immigrants– Southern and Eastern Europe– Unskilled, poor, catholic or Jewish, and likely to

settle in cities– Irish, German, Poland, Czech, Russia, Italy, Greece

B. Reasons

• Push factors– Political turmoil, religious persecution, lack of

land, famine, poverty

• Pull factors– Hope, opportunity, jobs, land, homestead act,

advertisements, family letters, religious freedom,

C. Experience

• Long Journey- ticket becoming cheaper and journey shorter– Only take what you could carry– Journey across ocean in Steerage- – Statue of liberty: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jHqidOzVD-w

• Ellis Island- first stop for many in New York Harbor https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eH2hllmZdRg

• Decide if they can stay or go– medical inspection, criminal record, job skills– 2% denied

• Angel Island- located in San Francisco Bay– Dealt mostly with Asian immigration– Wait was much longer• Weeks even months

D. Melting Pot

• Americanization- wanted immigrants to assimilate into American culture– Language, clothing, customs

• Schools and settlement houses suppose to help Americanize immigrants

• Melting Pot- belief that the people of U.S. developed one big culture

• Actually, many groups maintained their own identities and adapted some aspects

• More like a layered cake

E. Hostility

• Many did not like immigrants– Taking jobs, lowering wages, different religion and

customs• Nativist- groups against immigration• Chinese Exclusion Act – 1882- stopped

Chinese from coming to the U.S. – Also limited rights of Asians already here

Section 2Cities Expand and Change

• OBJ: analyze the causes of Urban growth in the late 1800’s

• Explain how technology improved city life• Evaluate how city dwellers solved the

problems caused by rapid urban growth

A- America Becomes Nation of Cities

• 1860- Most Americans live on farms– 16% in cities

• By 1900, 30% live in cities• Urbanization- • Advantages-1- railroads and rivers help grow• 2: More jobs and opportunities • 3: More entertainment• 4: Higher standard of living?

B. Immigrants

• Cities growing because of Immigrants mostly• Many lived in neighborhoods with same

ethnic groups

• Rural to urban migrants also rising• Factories paid in cash

• African Americans also moving to cities

C. Technology

• Must accommodate all those people– Sewers, garbage, water

• Skyscrapers built ten stories and up• Elisha Otis- invented the safety elevator• Mass transit- subways and electric cars made

mass transportation possible– Boston?

• Suburbs??

• Zoning laws become important. Why?• Parks- Frederick Law Olmsted?

• Housing- most had way too many people living in them

• Tenements?• Dumbbell Tenements?

• Water and Sanitation needed to be disposed of• Waste ran down streets and garbage was

dumped in allies• City planners had to find ways to dispose of

waste https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= Cf2zBYjvFMI

• Fire- Chicago fire of 1871? Fire stations had to be created and different fire codes had to be enacted

• Crime- some places in cities even cops would go https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= 8tSO2P0QCTk

Section 3Social and Cultural Trends

• OBJ: Explain how new types of stores and marketing changed American Life

• Analyze the ways in which Americans developed a mass culture

• Describe the new forms of popular entertainment in the late 1800’s

City Life and LeisureSection 3

• World’s fair held in Chicago in 1893• Tickets sold for 50 cents a piece• Chain and department stores opening up all

over the country– R.H. Macy and company, Sears, Montgomery

Ward, Frank Winfield

• Advertising became very valuable. Brand names so people could recognize companies

The Popular Press• Newspapers and magazines growing– Better postal rates– Cheap to produce– More people can read– Eye catching headlines- yellow journalism

• Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst• Reported on common events: Sports, National

and World Events• Also helped to expose corruption

Education• Education was how immigrants were

assimilated • Starting in 1852, states passed laws requiring

kids to go to school• Kindergarten became widespread• Public Schools opened: Three R’s• Colleges opening up across country• Literacy rate up to nearly 92%• Attendance doubled• African Americans left out

Women in the Work Force

• Women going to college more than five times by 1920

• Still expected to fill traditional women roles• Housework, clerks, secretaries • Women in factories still paid less

Leisure time• City life offered people leisure time they didn’t

get on the farm• New Sports– Baseball, American Football, boxing, bicycling• Knickerbockers Club 1845• Cincinnati Red Stockings• World Series in 1903

• Theater: Comedies, stage, opera • Public Parks• New Trends in Art and Museums