Chapter 14- Human Genome
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Transcript of Chapter 14- Human Genome
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Chapter 14- Human Genome
Section 1: Human Heredity
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I. Human Heredity
A. Human chromosomes
1. A picture of chromosomes arranged in a picture is called a karyotype.
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2. A normal human has 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs.
22 pairs of autosomes1 pair of sex chromosomes
3. A female chromosomes is XX, a male is XY.
eggs carry XSperm carry either X or Y
**Males determine the sex of the offspring!!
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B. Human Traits
1. Human genes are inherited according to the same principals that Mendel discovered.
2. A pedigree chart shows relationships within a family.
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3. Genetic counselors analyze pedigree charts to infer the genotypes of family members.
4. Many traits are strongly influenced by environmental, or non-genetic factors, including nutrition and exercise.
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C. Human Genes
1. The human genome- our complete set of genetic information includes tens of thousands of genes.
2. Some of the very first genes to be identified were those that control blood type.
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BLOOD GROUPS
Phenotype Genotype Antigen
A IAIA or IAIo A
B IBIB or IBIo B
AB IAIB A and B
O IoIo --------
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E. Recessive Alleles
Many human genes have become known through the study of genetic disorders.
In most cases genetic disorders are
USUALLY recessive.
See page 345 to see some disorders
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Albinism ( Recessive )
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Cystic Fibrosis ( Recessive)
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CF is most common among people with Northern Europe ancestors.
People with CF have serious digestive problems in addition they produce thick, heavy mucus that clogs their lungs and breathing passageways.
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F. Dominant Alleles
Not all genetic disorders are caused by a recessive allele.
Two examples of a genetic disorder
caused by autosomal dominant alleles are Acondroplasia (dwarfism) and Huntington’s disease.
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Dwarfism ( Dominant)
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Huntington’s disease
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G. Codominant alleles
Sickle cell disease is caused by a codominant allele.
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Sickle Cell Disease (Codominant)
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Sickle cell is a disease found in African American’s.
Sickle cell disease produces physical weakness, and damage to the brain, heart, and spleen.
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H. From Gene to molecule
In both cystic fibrosis and sickle cell disease, a small change in the DNA of a single gene affects the structure of a protein, causing a series genetic disorder.