Fish, amphibians, Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and reptiles, birds and mammalsmammals

Chapter 14 & 15Chapter 14 & 15

Chordate Chordate CharacteristicsCharacteristics

All chordates have a notochord, a All chordates have a notochord, a nerve chord, postanal tail, and gill slits.nerve chord, postanal tail, and gill slits.

A notochord supports the animal and A notochord supports the animal and extends along the upper part of its extends along the upper part of its body. It is flexible but firm.body. It is flexible but firm.

It extends into the animals postanal It extends into the animals postanal tail, a muscular structure that develops tail, a muscular structure that develops at the end of chordates.at the end of chordates.

Some chordates replace the notochord Some chordates replace the notochord with vertebrate later in their with vertebrate later in their development.development.

Chordate Chordate CharacteristicsCharacteristicsH.W. pg 401 ques. 1-4H.W. pg 401 ques. 1-4 The nerve cord also runs the The nerve cord also runs the

length of the animal and is a tube length of the animal and is a tube like structure that develops into like structure that develops into the brain and spinal cord.the brain and spinal cord.

Gill slits are found between the Gill slits are found between the mouth and digestive system and mouth and digestive system and are used to intake food and are used to intake food and exchange gasses like O2 and CO2.exchange gasses like O2 and CO2.

Vertebrate Vertebrate CharacteristicsCharacteristics The things that set apart chordates The things that set apart chordates

from vertebrates are: endoskeleton from vertebrates are: endoskeleton which is a structural framework which is a structural framework made of bone or cartilage. made of bone or cartilage.

The endoskeleton provides The endoskeleton provides attachment points for muscles and attachment points for muscles and ligaments, that support and protect ligaments, that support and protect organs.organs.

Also, vertebrates have a protective Also, vertebrates have a protective covering around their spinal chords covering around their spinal chords called vertebrae. called vertebrae.

Vertebrate groupsVertebrate groups

There are seven groups of animals There are seven groups of animals which are either classified as which are either classified as ectotherms or endotherms.ectotherms or endotherms.

Fish, amphibians, and reptiles are Fish, amphibians, and reptiles are ectotherms and are considered ectotherms and are considered cold blooded. Their body temp cold blooded. Their body temp changes with the environment.changes with the environment.

Birds and mammals are Birds and mammals are endotherms and are warm endotherms and are warm blooded, or have a constant body blooded, or have a constant body temp.temp.

FishFish Fish are the most abundant and Fish are the most abundant and

diverse vertebrate. They are diverse vertebrate. They are ectoderms that have fins, or fan ectoderms that have fins, or fan like structures to help them propel like structures to help them propel through the water and to steer the through the water and to steer the fish in the water. fish in the water.

They also have scales that help aid They also have scales that help aid in protection.in protection.

Fish have a highly developed Fish have a highly developed sensory system and a 2 sensory system and a 2 chambered heart that pumps chambered heart that pumps oxygenated blood.oxygenated blood.

FishFish Gills are located on either side of the Gills are located on either side of the

fishes head. Here water passes over fishes head. Here water passes over the gills and blood vessels in the gills the gills and blood vessels in the gills exchange CO2 for O2 in the water.exchange CO2 for O2 in the water.

They reproduce sexually and is They reproduce sexually and is controlled by sex hormones.controlled by sex hormones.

Females will release large amounts of Females will release large amounts of eggs into the water drawing over males eggs into the water drawing over males that then release sperm. This is called that then release sperm. This is called spawning.spawning.

This is also an example of external This is also an example of external fertilization. Some fish do perform fertilization. Some fish do perform internal fertilization.internal fertilization.

Types of fishTypes of fish1) Jawless fish- lampreys and hagfish 1) Jawless fish- lampreys and hagfish

are jawless fish with a rounded mouth, are jawless fish with a rounded mouth, and tube like body.and tube like body.

They have flexible endoskeletons They have flexible endoskeletons made of cartilage .made of cartilage .

2) Cartilaginous fish- sharks and rays. 2) Cartilaginous fish- sharks and rays. They have skeletons made of They have skeletons made of cartilage, with a movable jaw and well cartilage, with a movable jaw and well developed teeth.developed teeth.

They have scales that make their skin They have scales that make their skin feel like sand paper.feel like sand paper.

Types of fishTypes of fish Boney fish- these fish have skeletons Boney fish- these fish have skeletons

made of bones and are 95% of all fish made of bones and are 95% of all fish species.species.

They have a swim bladder, an air sac They have a swim bladder, an air sac that allows a fish to adjust its density in that allows a fish to adjust its density in response to the density of the response to the density of the surrounding water. surrounding water.

It can inflate or deflate its swim bladder It can inflate or deflate its swim bladder by exchanging gases like nitrogen and by exchanging gases like nitrogen and oxygen with its blood.oxygen with its blood.

H.W. pg 410 ques. 1-4H.W. pg 410 ques. 1-4

AmphibiansAmphibians These animals live both on land and in These animals live both on land and in

water. Frogs, toads , and salamanders.water. Frogs, toads , and salamanders. They are ectotherms, and some hibernate They are ectotherms, and some hibernate

in winter and estivate in the ground during in winter and estivate in the ground during the summer .the summer .

They go through respiration by exchanging They go through respiration by exchanging gases through their skin that doesn’t have gases through their skin that doesn’t have any scales and small saclike lungs.any scales and small saclike lungs.

They have a three chambered heart. One They have a three chambered heart. One chamber receives oxygen filled blood from chamber receives oxygen filled blood from the skin and lungs.the skin and lungs.

The other chamber receives CO2 rich The other chamber receives CO2 rich blood. All of this is pumped through the blood. All of this is pumped through the third chamber which pumps the O2 blood third chamber which pumps the O2 blood throughout the body and the CO2 blood throughout the body and the CO2 blood back to the lungs to get O2.back to the lungs to get O2.

AmphibiansAmphibians

They reproduce in the water so that They reproduce in the water so that their eggs don’t dry out. The their eggs don’t dry out. The fertilization does occur externally fertilization does occur externally usually in ponds or lakes.usually in ponds or lakes.

They develop through They develop through metamorphosis. The eggs hatches metamorphosis. The eggs hatches into a tadpole and that tadpole grows into a tadpole and that tadpole grows fins, and gills and eventually grows fins, and gills and eventually grows into a toad or frog.into a toad or frog.

H.W. pg 415 ques 1-4H.W. pg 415 ques 1-4

Reptiles (lizards, snakes, crocs, turtles Reptiles (lizards, snakes, crocs, turtles etc….) H.W. pg 428 ques. 1-15 loose etc….) H.W. pg 428 ques. 1-15 loose leafleaf They are ectotherms that have a dry, They are ectotherms that have a dry,

thick, waterproof skin that is covered in thick, waterproof skin that is covered in scales.scales.

Reptiles breath with lungs and their Reptiles breath with lungs and their scales prevent gas exchange.scales prevent gas exchange.

Most have 3 chambered hearts that Most have 3 chambered hearts that partially separate O2 rich blood from O2 partially separate O2 rich blood from O2 poor blood.poor blood.

Reptiles use internal fertilization, and lay Reptiles use internal fertilization, and lay eggs with a hard shell, which allows them eggs with a hard shell, which allows them to be laid on land.to be laid on land.

The egg is called the amniotic egg, and The egg is called the amniotic egg, and provides protection, nutrients (yolk), and provides protection, nutrients (yolk), and removes waste from the embryo.removes waste from the embryo.

BirdsBirds These are very versatile animals. They These are very versatile animals. They

live in many different environments, live in many different environments, and eat many different diets.and eat many different diets.

Birds have feathers, and scales and lay Birds have feathers, and scales and lay amniotic eggs as well. amniotic eggs as well.

Birds have the ability to fly do to their Birds have the ability to fly do to their hollow bone structure, and strong hollow bone structure, and strong chest muscles attached to a large chest muscles attached to a large sternum. They have excellent eye sternum. They have excellent eye sight, and a very efficient respiratory sight, and a very efficient respiratory system.system.

BirdsBirds Birds are the only animals with feathers. Birds are the only animals with feathers.

There are contour feathers which give There are contour feathers which give the bird its color and down feathers the bird its color and down feathers which provide insulation from cold.which provide insulation from cold.

Each feather grows from a follicle like Each feather grows from a follicle like our hair, and they grow back if they fall our hair, and they grow back if they fall out.out.

Birds have an oil gland that keeps their Birds have an oil gland that keeps their feathers water –repellent. When birds feathers water –repellent. When birds rub this oil into their feathers its called rub this oil into their feathers its called preening.preening.

Birds are endothermsBirds are endotherms

Body system of BirdsBody system of Birds A bird need a lot of food so it can have A bird need a lot of food so it can have

energy for flight. So it eat a lot of food energy for flight. So it eat a lot of food and stores it in its crop.and stores it in its crop.

Once the food is moistened, it moves Once the food is moistened, it moves to the gizzard where the food is to the gizzard where the food is ground, and then to the intestines ground, and then to the intestines where nutrients are absorbed.where nutrients are absorbed.

A bird has a heart very similar to ours A bird has a heart very similar to ours and is pretty large for such a small and is pretty large for such a small animal. About 1.62% of its weight. animal. About 1.62% of its weight. Ours is .42%.Ours is .42%.

H.W. pg 439 ques.1-4H.W. pg 439 ques.1-4

MammalsMammals All mammals are endothermic, All mammals are endothermic,

vertebrates that have hair, nails, and vertebrates that have hair, nails, and produce milk to feed their young.produce milk to feed their young.

Skin called an epidermis covers the Skin called an epidermis covers the mammals endoskeleton. The skin mammals endoskeleton. The skin holds hair, horns, claws, nails and holds hair, horns, claws, nails and hooves, as well as glands.hooves, as well as glands.

Females have mammary glands, or Females have mammary glands, or breast tissue that produces milk when breast tissue that produces milk when the animal is pregnant.the animal is pregnant.

Sweat glands remove waste and help Sweat glands remove waste and help to keep the animal cool.to keep the animal cool.

mammalsmammals Mammals have specialized teeth and hair.Mammals have specialized teeth and hair. Carnivores teeth are made to tear things Carnivores teeth are made to tear things

apart.apart. Herbivores teeth are used to grind Herbivores teeth are used to grind

vegetation.vegetation. All mammals have hair on their bodies at All mammals have hair on their bodies at

one point in their lives, and serve for one point in their lives, and serve for protection and to keep the mammal warm.protection and to keep the mammal warm.

Mammals have four chambered hearts, and Mammals have four chambered hearts, and advanced circulatory systems, as well as a advanced circulatory systems, as well as a brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.

mammalsmammals

Mammals digestive tracks differ Mammals digestive tracks differ because of the diet of the animal. because of the diet of the animal.

Herbivores will have longer digestive Herbivores will have longer digestive systems b/c it takes long to digest systems b/c it takes long to digest grass. Also, they will have very large grass. Also, they will have very large appendices to digest plants.appendices to digest plants.

Carnivores have shorter digestive Carnivores have shorter digestive track for eating meats. track for eating meats.

Types of mammalsTypes of mammals Monotremes- mammals that lay eggs Monotremes- mammals that lay eggs

with leathery shells. (duck-billed with leathery shells. (duck-billed platypus) platypus)

Marsupials- mammals that have Marsupials- mammals that have pouches. (kangaroos, opossum) pouches. (kangaroos, opossum)

Placentals- Have gestation periods where Placentals- Have gestation periods where the embryo fully develops inside of the the embryo fully develops inside of the female uterus. In the uterus, during female uterus. In the uterus, during pregnancy, a placenta forms which pregnancy, a placenta forms which nourishes the baby, and gives it oxygen.nourishes the baby, and gives it oxygen.

The placenta is attached to the baby by The placenta is attached to the baby by the umbilical cord.the umbilical cord.

H.W. pg 456 ques. 1-15 on looseleaf.H.W. pg 456 ques. 1-15 on looseleaf.