Chapter 13—Lung Volumesand Respiratory Disorders

Lung Volumes and MeasuresWhat happens when homeostasis is

disrupted ?How much air can you inhale or exhale?

Lung Volume

How much air can make it to the alveoli depends on a couple of things:

Size Age Shape Physical Condition

Also, if you are fighting sickness (Immunesystem) breathing and rate could be altered

TV and DS

Tidal Volume (TV) the amount of air moved into/out of the lung with each breathe

TV Amount = approx 350 mlDead Space Volume Air that stays in the

respiratory tract with each breath & never reaches alveoli

DS Amount = approx 150 ml

IRV and ERV

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): the amount of air that can be forcibly taken in

IRV Amount = between 2100 ml – 3200 ml

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled

ERV Amount = about 1200 ml

RV and Breathing Out

Residual Volume air left in lung after a forceful exhalation

RV Amount = about 1200 ml

*Depends on the action of the Diaphragm and the Abdominal Muscles

Remember Breathing out is initiated by the relaxation of the diaphragm

Respiratory Math Formula

Vital = Tidal Inspiratory Reserve Expiratory ReserveCapacity Volume + Volume + Volume

Vital Capacity (VC) the total amount ofexchangeable air in the

lung VC Amount = approx. 4800 ml

[VC = TV + IRV + ERV]

Pressure Differences

There is an inverse relationship with oxygen and pressure due to gravity:

---if you increase elevationyou will decrease pressure

---if you decrease elevation you will increase pressure

**Gravity is our friend

More about pressure…

---At higher elevations, there is a lower oxygen content so your body produces moreerythrocytes due to the change in conditions

---When you return to a lower elevation, yourbody is loaded with more erythrocytes and has a higher capacity to hold oxygen

???Training Effect???

Influencing Factors

• Physical Factors:Talking / Coughing / Sneezing / Exercising• Volition (Conscious Control):Swimming / Singing / Swallowing Food• Emotional Factors:Scared / Crying & Sad / Laughing• Chemical Factors:• pH, CO2 and O2 levels in the blood

Breathing Disorders / Birth Defects

• COPD• Lung Cancers• Cystic Fibrosis• Cleft Palate• Asthma

1.) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD)

– Emphysema loss of lung elasticity and recoil, over-inflation

– Chronic Bronchitis clogged passages with mucous—leads to infection / pneumonia

**difficulty breathing, coughing, with a history of smoking

2.) Lung Cancer 1/3 of all cancer deaths in the US are a result of lung cancer

**Cilia and mucus stop their protective functions

3 most common forms of lung cancer: 1.) Squamaous Cell Carcinoma2.) Adenocarcinoma3.) Small Cell Carcinoma

**Best treatment: removal of the diseased lung

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma

Small Cell Carcinoma

3.) Cystic Fibrosis 1 out of 2000 white children are born with this

**oversecretion of mucus that clogs alveoli and passageways

Remember If alveoli are clogged, there is no way for the air to come in contact with the respiratory capillaires

Cystic Fibrosis

4.) Cleft Palate defect of the hard anterior palate where is fails to close of in development

Cleft Palate

5.) Asthma Respiratory passageway swells & Bronchioles constrict

gasp and wheeze for airMedications and Rescue Inhalers are saving

lives daily

Why does asthma happen?