Chapter 13 The Anthropological Perspective on the Human Life Course.
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Transcript of Chapter 13 The Anthropological Perspective on the Human Life Course.
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Chapter 13
The Anthropological Perspective on the Human Life Course
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Chapter Outline Fundamentals of Growth and Development Nutritional Effects on Growth and Development Other Factors Influencing Growth and
Development The Human Life Cycle Individuals, Society, and Evolution Are We Still Evolving?
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Growth and Development Growth refers to an increase in mass or
number of cells. Development refers to differentiation of
cells into different types of tissues.
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Nutritional Requirements for Growth Nutrients needed for growth, development, and
body maintenance include: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals.
The amount we need of these nutrients coevolved with foods available to humans throughout evolutionary history.
The specific pattern of amino acids required in human nutrition reflects an ancestral diet high in animal protein.
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Distance and Velocity Curves of Growth in Height For a Healthy American Girl
The distance curve shows the height attained in a given year.
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Distance and Velocity Curves of Growth in Height For a Healthy American Girl
The velocity curve plots the amount gained in a given year.
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Preagricultural, Contemporary, and Recently Recommended Diet
PreagriculturalDiet
ContemporaryDiet
RecentlyRecommended
Total dietary energy (%)
Protein 33 12 12
Carbohydrate 46 46 58
Fat 21 42 30
Alcohol ~0 (7–10) —
Cholesterol (mg) 520 300–500 300
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Preagricultural, Contemporary, and Recently Recommended Diet
PreagriculturalDiet
ContemporaryDiet
RecentlyRecommended
Total dietary energy (%)
Fiber (g) 100–150 19.7 30–60
Sodium (mg) 690 2,300–6,900 1,000–3,300
Calcium (mg) 1,500–2,000 740 800–1,500
Ascorbic acid (mg)
440 90 60
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Factors Influencing Growth and Development Genetics
Environmental factors can influence growth and development, but an individual can not exceed their genetic potential.
Hormones Thyroxine regulates metabolism and aids in
body heat production. Growth hormone has an impact on almost every cell in the body.
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Environmental Factors Environmental factors, such as altitude and
climate, effect on growth and development. In Colorado, birth weight declined 3.6 ounces
per 3,300 feet of elevation gain, even when gestational age, maternal weight gain, smoking, and prenatal care were considered.
Infectious diseases have their greatest impact during childhood and can delay growth, particularly when coupled with malnutrition.
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The Human Life Cycle
1. Prenatal begins with conception and ends with birth.
2. Infancy is when the baby nurses.
3. Childhood is from weaning to puberty.
4. Adolescence is from puberty to the end of growth.
5. Adulthood is the completion of growth.
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Life Cycle Stagesfor Various Animal Species
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Diameter of Birth Canal and Head Length and Breadth of Newborns
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Providing for JuvenilesPercent Who Survive
Weaning Adolescence
Lion 28 15
Baboon 45 33
Macaque 42 13
Chimpanzee 48 38
Human Populations
!Kung 80 58
Yanomamo 73 50
Paleoindian 86 50
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The Secular Trend in Age at Menarche in Europe
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Life Spans
OrganismApproximate Maximum
Life Span (in years)
Bristlecone pine 5,000
Tortoise 170
Human 120
Blue whale 80
Indian elephant 70
Gorilla 39
Domestic dog 34
Rabbit 13
Rat 5
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Changes in Life Expectancy Due to AIDS in Seven African Nations
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Quick Quiz
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1. Which of the following is NOT correct regarding the pre-agricultural human diet? It was high in
a) protein.
b) complex carbohydrates.
c) fat.
d) fiber.
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Answer: c Which of the following is NOT correct
regarding the pre-agricultural human diet? It was high in fat.
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2. Why are essential amino acids called "essential"?
a) These are the only proteins that the human body produces.
b) They must be produced when we are infants.
c) They must be obtained from the diet.
d) They cannot be absorbed in the gut.
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Answer: c Essential amino acids are called
"essential” because they must be obtained from the diet.
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3. Studies show that children at high elevations are shorter than those at low elevations. True False
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Answer: True Studies show that children at high
elevations are shorter than those at low elevations.
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4. Virtually all animals have clearly demarcated phases in their lives. True False
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Answer: false It’s false that virtually all animals have
clearly demarcated phases in their lives.
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5. One of the primary ways that genes have an effect on growth and development is through their effects on
a) blood.
b) hormones.
c) bone growth.
d) organ development.
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Answer : b One of the primary ways that genes
have an effect on growth and development is through their effects on hormones.