CHAPTER 13

Broken Bonds

1855 – 1861

“I will say, then, that I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the

white and black races (applause); that I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people. . . . And inasmuch as they cannot so live, while they do remain together there

must be the position of superior and inferior, and I as much as any other man am in favor of having the superior position assigned to the white

race.”

Abraham Lincoln September 1858, Charleston, Illinois 

Overview

Overview

Overview (continued)

Chronology

1832 Nullification Crisis 1848     Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; Zachary Taylor; "free-soilers" 1850   Compromise of 1850; American "know nothing" movement;

Millard Fillmore president 1851 Northern reaction to the Fugitive Slave Law; Harriet Beecher

Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852     Franklin Pierce elected president 1854    Ostend Manifesto; Kansas-Nebraska Act; treaty renegotiations;

Republican Party begins 1855     William Walker’s "filibuster" in Nicaragua 1856     Looting of Lawrence, Kansas; John Brown’s Pottawatomie

massacre; Buchanan president 1857     Dred Scott decision; Buchanan accepts proslavery Lecompton

constitution; Panic 1858     Congress rejects Lecompton constitution; Lincoln-Douglas 1859     John Brown’s raid at Harper’s Ferry 1860    4 candidates for president; Lincoln’s election; S. secession1861     6 additional "deep South" states secede; Confederate States

formed, Lincoln takes

Chapter Review

Define popular sovereignty and explain how the political parties of the mid-nineteenth century used it to shape their particular political agendas.

Explain how events in Kansas contributed to problems for the Democratic Party.

Describe the political issues surrounding the Dred Scott case and the significance of the subsequent Supreme Court decision.

Briefly explain the various Southern viewpoints on the issue of slavery in the 1850s.

Explain the political positions of Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln on the eve of their 1858 debate series.

Explain the significance of the 1860 presidential election. Why did the deep South secede from the U.S.?

Concepts

Harper’s Ferry, John Brown, Robert E. Lee William Walker, filibuster Yeoman Border ruffians Charles Sumner Bleeding Kansas James Buchanan Roger B. Taney, Dred Scott case Abraham Lincoln Lincoln-Douglas debates Fort Sumter

I. North and South Collide

White South uses variety of arguments to justify slavery, while critics of slavery point to economic “backwardness”

Popular sovereignty and Kansas-Nebraska Act bring violence to nation

Republican party vows to halt spread of slavery Dred Scott case clarifies differences within country

The New York City torchlight meeting of the “Know-Nothings” or the American Party in Nov. 1855

Ripon, Wisconsin schoolhouse where Republicans first met

John C. Fremont, first Republican candidate for

president, US Senator from California

Dred Scott

Dred Scott and his wife Harriet are portrayed here with their children as an average middle-class family, an image that fueled Northern opposition to the Supreme Court’s 1857 decision that denied both Scott’s freedom and his citizenship. Courtesy of Library of Congress

Dred and Harriet Scott. He argued his residency in Wisconsin made both of them free.

Chief Justice Roger Taney, primary

author of the Dred Scott Decision of

1857.

Kansas-Nebraska and the Slavery Issue

Election of 1856

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Democrat James Buchanan, elected president in 1856.

II. American Society in Crisis

Panic of 1857 spurs religious revival Kansas remains cauldron of unrest 1858 senatorial elections bring Abraham Lincoln to

attention of Republican leaders John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry polarizes nation

John Brown’s “fort” at Harper’s Ferry

The arraignment of John Brown at Charles Town, West Virginia

John Brown

John Brown, wounded during his raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, lies on a cot during his trial for murder and treason in Charlestown, Virginia, in 1859.The Granger Collection, New York

Path of Lincoln-Douglas debates©

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Scene of 5th Lincoln – Douglas debate

Springfield, Illinois street where Lincoln had his law office.

Lincoln’s home in

Springfield, Illinois

Lincoln’s kitchen in Springfield, Illinois

III. The North and South Call Each Other’s Bluff

Republican Lincoln wins North and wins 1860 election, splitting nation even more

South Carolina chooses secession and urges other states to follow

The Election of 1860 The election returns from 1860 vividly illustrate the geography of sectionalism.

Election of 1860

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Abraham Lincoln in 1860

Stephen Douglas, the “Little Giant”

IV. The First Secession

Lincoln’s inaugural address clarifies his position but fails to satisfy South

Attempts to relieve Fort Sumter draw fire and plunge country into war

Fort Sumter

Confederate Soldiers at Pensacola against Fort Pickens

The Road to Disunion

North-South DifferencesJohn Brown’s RaidThe Election of 1860

Abraham Lincoln, Stephen Douglas and John C. Breckinridge, Constitutional Party John Bell

Secession BeginsPresidential InactionPeace Proposals

John C. Crittenden, Jan. 1861 and former pres. John Tyler in Feb. 1861 – Crittenden wanted to extend Missouri Compromise line through CA but South disinterested

Lincoln’s Views on Secession

Election of 1860 and Southern

Secession