Chapter 13 Basics of Electricity

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Chapter 13 Basics of Electricity


“Competition is a by-product of productive work, not its goal. A creative man is motivated by the

desire to achieve, not by the desire to beat others.”

– Ayn Rand


Objectives

• Define the nature of electricity and the two types of electric current.

• Define electrical measurements.

• Understand the principles of electrical equipment safety.

• Define the main electric modalities used in cosmetology.


• Describe other types of electrical equipment that cosmetologists use.

• Explain electromagnetic spectrum, visible spectrum of light, and invisible light.

• Describe the types of light therapy and their benefits.

Objectives (continues)


Opening Activity

• Divide into small groups.

• Discuss and record everything you did between waking up today and arriving for school.

• Indicate which tasks used electricity.


Electricity

• Electricity is a form of energy that, when in motion, exhibits magnetic, chemical, or thermal effects. It does not occupy space or have physical or chemical properties (thus, it is not matter).


Electricity (continued)

• Electric current: flow of electricity along a conductor

• Conductor: substance that conducts electricity

• Nonconductor: does not conduct electricity– Rubber, silk, wood, glass, cement


Types of Electric Current

• Direct current (DC): constant, even-flowing current going in one direction

• Alternating current (AC): rapid, interrupted current changing directions

• Converter: changes direct current into alternating current

• Rectifier: changes alternating current into direct current


Types of Electric Current (continued)


Electrical Measurements

• Volt: measures pressure

• Ampere: measures strength

• Milliampere: 1/1,000th of an ampere

• Ohm: measures resistance

• Watt: measures energy used in 1 second

• Kilowatt: equals 1,000 watts


Electrical Measurements (continued)


Safety Devices

• Fuse• Circuit breaker


Electrical Equipment Safety

• Inspect regularly.

• Don’t overload circuits.

• Check for UL approval.

• Ensure that appliances are grounded.


Hints for Safety

• Ensure UL certification.

• Read instructions.

• Disconnect when not in use.

• Inspect equipment regularly.

• Keep wires, plugs, equipment in good repair.

• Use one plug per outlet.


One Plug Per Outlet


• Avoid contact with water or metal while using appliances.

• Don’t leave client when connected to electrical devices.

• Keep cords off floor.

• Don’t clean area when appliances plugged in.

• Don’t touch two metallic objects if either is connected to current.

Hints for Safety


• Don’t step on or set objects on cords.

• Don’t let cords become twisted or bent.

• Pull plug, not cord.

• Don’t repair unless qualified.

Hints for Safety (continued)


Electrotherapy

• Electronic facial treatments

–Modalities: produce different effects on skin–Electrodes: also known as probes


Polarity

• Positive pole (anode, red): marked with a P and a plus (+) sign

• Negative pole (cathode, black): marked with an N or a minus (-) sign


Galvanic Current

• Constant, direct current having a positive and negative pole and producing chemical changes when it passes through the tissues and fluids of the body. Produces two actions:– Active electrode: used on area to be treated– Inactive electrode: opposite from active electrode


Iontophoresis

• Cataphoresis: forces acidic substances into deeper tissues using galvanic current from positive toward negative pole

• Anaphoresis: forces liquids into tissues from negative toward positive pole

• Desincrustation: used to soften and emulsify great deposits in hair follicles and pores


Microcurrent

• An extremely low level of electricity that mirrors the body’s natural electrical impulses


Microcurrent Benefits

• Improves blood and lymph circulation

• Produces acidic and alkaline reactions

• Opens and closes hair follicles and pores

• Increases muscle tone

• Restores elasticity


• Reduces redness and inflammation

• Minimizes healing time for acne lesions

• Improves natural protective barrier of skin

• Increases metabolism

Microcurrent Benefits (continued)


Tesla High-Frequency Current

• Characterized by high rate of oscillation or vibration and commonly called violet ray

• Used for scalp and facial treatments• Used to treat thinning hair, itchy scalp, and excessively

oily or dry skin and scalp• Primarily heat producing• Stimulating and soothing• Usually made from glass or metal


Tesla Current Benefits

• Stimulates circulation of blood

• Aids in elimination and absorption

• Increases skin metabolism

• Improves germicidal actions

• Relieves skin congestion


Other Electrical Equipment

• Hood dryers and heat lamps• Ionic hair dryers and irons• Curling and flat irons• Heating caps• Processing and accelerating machines• Steamers and vaporizers• Light-therapy equipment


Light Energy and Light Therapy

• Electromagnetic spectrum: the name given to all forms of energy. It is made up of radio waves, microwaves, light waves, S-rays, and gamma rays.

• Waves: energy moves through space on waves– Long wavelengths: have a low frequency– Short wavelengths: have a higher frequency


Waveform

• The measurement of the distance between two wavelengths


Visible Spectrum of Light

• Ultraviolet and infrared rays: invisible because their wavelengths are beyond the visible spectrum of light

• Invisible rays: make up 65 percent of natural sunlight


Visible Spectrum of Light (continued)

• Violet has shortest wavelength.

• Red has longest wavelength.

• Infrared is just below red; ultraviolet is just above violet.

• Infrared and ultraviolet are not light; they are invisible wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.


Visible Spectrum of Light (continued)


Natural Sunlight

• Visible light = 35 percent

• Invisible infrared light = 60 percent

• Invisible ultraviolet light = 5 percent


Invisible Light

• The light at either end of the visible spectrum of light that is invisible to the naked eye

• Before the visible violet light of the spectrum is ultraviolet, the shortest and least penetrating light of the spectrum.

• Beyond visible red light is infrared, which produces heat.


Ultraviolet (UV) Light

• Invisible• Has short wavelength for higher energy• Less penetrating than visible light• Accelerates chemical reactions• Produces less heat than visible light• Kills germs and prompts skin to produce Vitamin D• Overexposure to causes premature aging


Types of UV Light

• UVA: has the longest wavelength of the UV light spectrum and penetrates dermis; damages collagen and elastin

• UVB: often called the burning light; frequently associated with sunburns; can cause skin cancers

• UVC: blocked by the ozone layer


Infrared Light

• Used mainly for hair conditioning treatments and to process color

• Has longer wavelengths• Penetrates deeply• Makes up 60 percent of natural sunlight• Used to warm muscles• Can diminish signs of aging


Light Versus Heat and Energy

• Catalysts: used to speed up chemical reactions; some use heat and absorb energy like a battery; they pass energy to an initiator and reaction begins

• Light therapy: also known as phototherapy; the application of light rays to skin for hair removal or treatment of wrinkles, capillaries, or pigmentation.


Lasers

• Acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

• Photothermolysis: turns light from laser into heat

• Can remove blood vessels and tattoos

• Can disable hair follicles

• Can eliminate some wrinkles


How Lasers Work

• By means of a medium (solid, liquid, gas)

• Medium emits light when stimulated by power.

• Reflective surfaces in chamber create light.

• Light passes back and forth and gains energy.


Laser Hair Removal


Light-Emitting Diode (LED)

• A medical device used to reduce acne, increase skin circulation, and improve collagen content in the skin


LED Effects

• Releases light onto skin

• Stimulates specific responses at precise depths of skin tissues

• Seeks chromophore (color component within skin such as blood or melanin)

• Tissue depth triggers reaction


• Red light LED increases circulation and improves collagen and elastin production.

• Yellow light LED reduces swelling and inflammation.

• Green light LED reduces hyperpigmentation.

• Blue light LED reduces acne and bacteria.

LED Effects (continued)


Beneficial Effects of LED Therapy


Light Therapy Contraindications

• Light sensitivities

• Phototoxic reactions

• Taking antibiotics

• Has cancer or epilepsy

• Pregnancy

• Under physician’s care


Intense Pulse Light

• Device that uses multiple colors and wavelengths (broad spectrum) of focused light to treat spider veins, hyperpigmentation, rosacea and redness, wrinkles, enlarged hair follicles and pores, and excessive hair

• Treatments are provided under the supervision of a physician.


Summary and Review

• Define electric current.

• Explain the difference between a conductor and a nonconductor (insulator).

• Describe the two types of electric current and give examples of each.

• Explain the difference between a volt and an amp.


• Define ohm.

• Define watt and kilowatt.

• Explain the function of a fuse.

• What is the purpose of a circuit breaker?

• What is the purpose of grounding?

Summary and Review (continued)


• List at least five steps to take for electrical safety.

• List and describe the two main electric modalities (currents) used in cosmetology.



• What are electromagnetic radiation, visible light, and white light?

• List and describe the two main types of light therapy.

• Name two important precautions to observe when using light therapy.



Congratulations!

You have completed one unit of study toward course completion.

Chapter 13 Basics of Electricity

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