Chapter 13 An Introduction to Ultraviolet/Visible Molecular Absorption Spectrometry.
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Transcript of Chapter 13 An Introduction to Ultraviolet/Visible Molecular Absorption Spectrometry.
Chapter 13
An Introduction to Ultraviolet/Visible Molecular Absorption Spectrometry
Terms & Symbols
Beer’s Law
log Po/P = ebc = A
The derivation of this law assumes
a) That the incident radiation is monochromatic.
b) The absorption occurs in a volume of uniform cross-section.
c) The absorbing substances behave independently of each other in the absorbing process.
Beer’s Law
Limitations to Beer’s LawReal Limitations to Beer’s Law Apparent Chemical Deviations Apparent Instrumental Deviations with
Polychromatic Radiation Instrumental Deviations in the Presence
of Stray Radiation
The Effects of Instrumental Noise on Spectrophotometric Analyses Types of Noise Shot noise – This noise is generated by current flowing across
a P-N junction and is a function of the bias current and the electron charge. The impulse of charge q depicted as a single shot event in the time domain can be Fourier transformed into the frequency domain as a wideband noise.
Thermal noise – In any object with electrical resistance the thermal fluctuations of the electrons in the object will generate noise.
White noise- The spectral density of thermal noise is flat with frequency.
Burst noise – Occurs in semiconductor devices, especially monolithic amplifiers and manifests as a noise crackle.
The Effects of Instrumental Noise on Spectrophotometric AnalysesTypes of Noise Avalanche noise – Occurs in Zener diodes are reversed
biased P-N junctions at breakdown. This noise is considerably larger than shot noise, so if zeners have to be used as part of a bias circuit then they need to be RF decoupled.
Flicker noise – This noise occurs in almost all electronic devices at low frequencies. Flicker noise is usually defined by the corner frequency FL.
Sources of Noise Case I: sT = k1
Case II: sT = k2(T2 + T) ½
Case III: sT = k3T
The Effects of Instrumental Noise on Spectrophotometric Analyses
Effect of Slit Width on Absorbance Measurements
Instrumentation
Instrument ComponentsSourcesWavelengths selectorsSample containersRadiation detectorsSignal processors and readout devices
Instrumentation
Sources- Light sources
Deuterium and Hydrogen Lamps
Tungsten Filament Lamps
Tungsten Filament Lamps
Instrumentation
Types of InstrumentsSingle-beamDouble-beam in spaceDouble-beam in timeMultichannel
Instrumentation
Single-Beam Instruments
Instrumentation
Double-Beam Instruments
Instrumentation
Typical InstrumentsPhotometersVisible PhotometersProbe-type PhotometersUltraviolet Absorption PhotometersSpectrophotometers
Instrumentation
Most common spectrophotometer: Spectronic 20.
1. On/Off switch and zero transmission adjustment knob
2. Wavelength selector/Readout
3. Sample chamber
4. Blank adjustment knob
5. Absorbance/Transmittance scale
InstrumentationVisible Region
Instrumentation Single-Beam Instruments for the Ultraviolet/Visible
Region
InstrumentationSingle-Beam Computerized
Spectrophotometers
Inside of a single-beam spectrophotometer connected to a computer.
Instrumentation Double-Beam
Instrumetents Double-Dispersing
Instruments Diode Array
Instruments
References http://www.anachem.umu.se/jumpstation.htm http://userwww.service.emory.edu/~kmurray/mslist.html http://www.anachem.umu.se/jumpstation.htm http://userwww.service.emory.edu/~kmurray/mslist.html http://www.anachem.umu.se/jumpstation.htm http://www1.shimadzu.com/products/lab/spectro/uv3150.html http://www.perten.com/product_range/diode_array/da_technology.html http://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/sam/CORD/leot/course10_mod03/mod10-
03.html http://las.perkinelmer.com/catalog/Product.aspx?ProductID=L950 http://www.olisweb.com/products/upgrades/ir983.php http://imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ems/visible.html http://biology.easternct.edu/courses/spectwenty.htm http://www.cairnweb.com/systems/prod_lamp.html http://www.odyseus.nildram.co.uk/RFIC_Theory_Files/Noise_Tutorial.pdf