Chapter 13-1. Chapter 13-2 CHAPTER 13 STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS Managerial Accounting, Fourth Edition.
Chapter 13
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Transcript of Chapter 13
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Chapter 13
Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans
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Chapter Outline
Approaches to Understanding Modern Human Origins
The Earliest Discoveries of Modern Humans
Technology and Art in the Upper Paleolithic
Summary of Upper Paleolithic Culture
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Homo sapiens sapiens
Members of early Homo sapiens sapiens are our direct kin.
They were much like us skeletally, genetically, and (most likely) behaviorally.
They were the first hominids that we can confidently refer to as “fully human.”
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Questions About the Origin and Dispersal of H. sapiens sapiens
When did H. sapiens sapiens first appear? Where did the transition take place? In one
region or in several? What was the pace of evolutionary change?
How fast did the transition occur? How did the dispersal of H. sapiens sapiens
to other areas of the Old World take place?
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Theories of Human Origins
Complete Replacement Model Regional Continuity Model Partial Replacement Model
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Complete Replacement Model (Recent African Evolution) Developed by British paleoanthropologists
Christopher Stringer and Peter Andrews. Proposes anatomically modern populations
arose in Africa in the last 200,000 years. They migrated from Africa, completely
replacing populations in Europe and Asia. Does not account for the transition from
archaic H. sapiens to modern H. sapiens anywhere except Africa.
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Partial Replacement Model
Proposed by Günter Bräuer of the University of Hamburg.
Postulates the earliest dates for African modern Homo sapiens at over 100,000 y.a.
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Partial Replacement Model
Initial dispersal of H. sapiens sapiens from South Africa was influenced by environmental conditions.
Moving into Eurasia, modern humans hybridized with resident groups, eventually replacing them.
The disappearance of archaic humans was due to both hybridization and replacement.
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Regional Continuity Model(Multiregional Evolution) Associated with paleoanthropologist
Milford Wolpoff of the University of Michigan.
Populations in Europe, Asia, and Africa continued evolutionary development from archaic H. sapiens to anatomically modern humans.
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The Regional Continuity Model(Multiregional Evolution) Question: How did modern humans
evolve in different continents and end up so physically and genetically similar?
Explanation: – Due to gene flow between archaic
populations, modern humans are not a separate species.
– Earlier modern H. sapiens did not originate exclusively in Africa.
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Early Modern Homo sapiens Discoveries from Africa and the Near East
Site Dates (y.a.) Human Remains
Qafzeh(Israel) 110,000 20 individuals
(minimum)
Skhu-l(Israel) 115,000 10 individuals
(minimum)
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Early Modern Homo sapiens Discoveries From Africa and the Near East
Site Dates (y.a.) Human Remains
Omo-Kibish (Ethiopia) 120,000–80,000?
Cranium and postcranial
remains
Klasies River Mouth (South
Africa)120,000?
Several individuals;
fragmentary
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Time Line of Homosapiens sapiens Discoveries
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Techniques for Dating Middle and Upper Pleistocene SitesTechnique Physical Basis Examples of Use
Uranium series
Radioactive decay of short-lived
uranium isotopes
Date limestone formations
Thermoluminescence
(TL)
Accumulation of electrons in certain crystals released
during heating
Date ancient flint tools
Electron spin
resonance(ESR)
Measurement of trapped electrons Date dental enamel
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Early Modern Homo sapiens Discoveries - Europe, Asia, Australia
Site Dates (y.a.) Human Remains
Abrigo do Lagar Velho
(Portugal)24,500 4-year -old child’s
skeleton
Cro-Magnon(France) 30,000 8 individuals
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Early Modern Homo sapiens Discoveries - Europe, Asia, Australia
Site Dates (y.a.) Human Remains
Ordos(Mongolia,
China)
50,000 1 individual
Kow Swamp (Australia)
14,000-9,000
More than 40 individuals (adults, juveniles,
infants)
Lake Mungo (Australia) ?60,000-
30,0003 individuals, one a
cremation
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The New World
Ancestors of Native Americans reached the New World through migration over the Bering Land Bridge over many millennia.
Debates continue, but at present, the only direct evidence of hominids in the New World date to about 12,000 y.a.
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The Upper Paleolithic
Cultural period began in western Europe approximately 40,000 years ago.
Five industries based on tool technologies:1. Chatelperronian2. Aurignacian3. Gravettian4. Solutrean5. Magdalenian
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Cultural Periods of the European Upper Paleolithic
Upper Paleolithic (beginnings) Cultural Periods
17,00021,00027,00040,000
Magdalenian SolutreanGravettian
AurignacianChatelperronian
MiddlePaleolithic Mousterian
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Upper Paleolithic Tools
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The Punchblade Technique
A large core is selected.
The top portion is removed by use of a hammerstone.
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The Punchblade Technique
The objective is to create a flat surface called a striking platform.
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The Punchblade Technique
The core is struck by use of a hammer and punch (made of bone or antler) to remove the long narrow flakes (called blades).
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The Punchblade Technique
The blades can also be removed by pressure flaking.
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The Punchblade Technique
The result is the production of highly consistent sharp blades.
They can be used, as is, as knives; or can be modified to make a variety of other tools.
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Upper Paleolithic Archaeological Sites
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Cave Art
Majority comes from southwestern France and northern Spain.
Grotte Chauvet– Dating has placed the cave painting during the
Aurignacian period more than 30,000 y.a.– Images include stylized dots, human handprints
and animal representations. – Among the archaeological traces are dozens of
footprints on the cave floor produced by bears as well as humans.
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Africa
Rock art is found in southern Africa dating to between 28,000 and 19,000 y.a.
Personal adornment dates back to 38,000 y.a. in the form of beads made from ostrich shells.
Excavations in the Katanda area show remarkable bone craftsmanship.– Intricate bone tools resembling harpoons were
made from the ribs of large mammals.