Chapter 12 The Judiciary
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Transcript of Chapter 12 The Judiciary
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Chapter 12
The Judiciary
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ENDURING QUESTIONS
1. What is the definition of judicial review?
2. How is the exercise of that power related to political ideology?
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Judicial Review
Definition:
– The power of courts
(federal, state or local)
– to uphold or declare unconstitutional
– actions of other
branches
and levels of government3
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Two approaches to judicial review
Deferential approach
– Judges should defer to elected branches in most cases
Activist approach
– Judges should be the “guardians of the constitution” and protect individual rights from invidious abridgement or denial4
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Relationship to political ideology
When the government action
reviewed
Political ideology
Liberal Conservative
Threatens core values Activist approach Activist approach
Supports core values Deferential approach Deferential approach
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The developmentof the federal courts
National Supremacy
– McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Slavery
– Dred Scott decision (1857)
Government and the economy
– Civil Rights Cases (1883) 14th Amendment protected property rights against hostile state laws but not individual civil rights
Government and equal rights
– Brown v. Bd. of Ed. (1954)6
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• Set precedent for the power of judicial review
• Expanded the powers of the federal government.
John Marshall, chief justice of the United States, 1801-1835
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Economic and civil liberty restrictions overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court
(by decade, 1900–2006)
Note: Laws include federal, state, and local. Source: Harold W. Stanley and Richard G. Niemi, Vital Statistics on American Politics 2007-2008, 5th ed., p. 302 (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 2008). 8
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Organization of the federal courts
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Jurisdiction of the federal courts
Federal-question cases – concern the Constitution, federal laws, or treaties
Diversity cases – involve citizens of different states who can bring suit in federal courts
Writ of certiorari cases – An order by a higher court directing a lower court to send up a case for review.
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The Supreme Court in Action
Briefs
– Amicus curiae briefs
Opinions
– Majority
– Concurring
– Dissenting
– (per curiam)11
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Checks on Judicial Power
Congress
– Confirmation hearings
– Impeachment
– Number of judges
– Jurisdiction
Public Opinion12