Chapter 12Chapter 12Section 4Section 4

The War’s End The War’s End

And theAnd the

AftermathAftermath

Revolution in RussiaRevolution in Russia

The entry of the U.S. in the war came none too The entry of the U.S. in the war came none too soon for the Alliessoon for the Allies

Russia had been hit hard by the warRussia had been hit hard by the war In March 1917, workers in Petrograd, unable to In March 1917, workers in Petrograd, unable to

buy bread, began a protest. Demanding a buy bread, began a protest. Demanding a change in government and an end to the war change in government and an end to the war the Russian people overthrew the czarthe Russian people overthrew the czar

{Led by {Led by Vladimir LeninVladimir Lenin, a group of radical , a group of radical Socialists, called the Bolsheviks took control.}Socialists, called the Bolsheviks took control.}

In March 1918 the Bolsheviks signed a treaty In March 1918 the Bolsheviks signed a treaty with the Central Powers that allowed Germany with the Central Powers that allowed Germany to concentrate their forces on the western frontto concentrate their forces on the western front

Vladimir LeninVladimir Lenin

Germany’s Last bid for VictoryGermany’s Last bid for Victory

On March 21, 1918, about 1 million German On March 21, 1918, about 1 million German soldiers launched an attack against the Allies, soldiers launched an attack against the Allies, pushing them back yet againpushing them back yet again

General Pershing Agreed to place U.S. troops in General Pershing Agreed to place U.S. troops in the command of Marshal Ferdinand Foch of the command of Marshal Ferdinand Foch of FranceFrance

It made a difference, after fierce fighting the It made a difference, after fierce fighting the German advance was haltedGerman advance was halted

The Germans put everything into a final assault The Germans put everything into a final assault around Reims, but Allied lines held.around Reims, but Allied lines held.

Foch ordered a counter attack three days later Foch ordered a counter attack three days later and were able to push the Germans back and were able to push the Germans back

Marshal Ferdinand FochMarshal Ferdinand Foch

Allied VictoryAllied Victory

Foch seized the initiative and ordered a major Foch seized the initiative and ordered a major attack along the western front, continually attack along the western front, continually pushing the Germans backpushing the Germans back

Allied forces pushed through the Argonne Allied forces pushed through the Argonne Forest, facing artillery and machine-gun fire the Forest, facing artillery and machine-gun fire the whole way. The Americans suffered 120,000 whole way. The Americans suffered 120,000 casualties in the casualties in the Battle of the Argonne Battle of the Argonne Forest Forest

African American troops received a French African American troops received a French military honor called the Croix de Guerre, or military honor called the Croix de Guerre, or “Cross of War”, for their bravery and their role “Cross of War”, for their bravery and their role in the victory in the Battle of the Argonne in the victory in the Battle of the Argonne ForrestForrest

The Brave Men of the 369The Brave Men of the 369thth Infantry Infantry

with their Cross of War metalswith their Cross of War metals

Continued….Continued…. In the fall of 1918 distention broke out in the In the fall of 1918 distention broke out in the

German forcesGerman forces German civilians were rioting and demanding German civilians were rioting and demanding

foodfood In October, German chancellor finally asked In October, German chancellor finally asked

Wilson for a cease fireWilson for a cease fire On November 9On November 9thth Kaiser Wilhelm gave up the Kaiser Wilhelm gave up the

thronethrone The Allies demanded the Germans evacuate The Allies demanded the Germans evacuate

Belgium, France and Luxembourg and Belgium, France and Luxembourg and surrender an enormous amount of military surrender an enormous amount of military equipmentequipment

{{At 11:00am on November 11At 11:00am on November 11thth both parties both parties signed the armistice and the cease fire went signed the armistice and the cease fire went into effectinto effect}}

Soldiers on their way to ParisSoldiers on their way to Paris

Wilson’s Fourteen PointsWilson’s Fourteen Points Wilson invited a group of scholars to advise him Wilson invited a group of scholars to advise him

on peace terms. on peace terms. Wilson developed the Fourteen Points, a Wilson developed the Fourteen Points, a

program for world peaceprogram for world peace Nine of the points dealt with the issue of self-Nine of the points dealt with the issue of self-

determination or the right of the people to determination or the right of the people to govern themselvesgovern themselves

The other points focused on the causes of The other points focused on the causes of modern warmodern war

The final point, the establishment of the League The final point, the establishment of the League of Nations, was an international body designed of Nations, was an international body designed to prevent offensive warsto prevent offensive wars

The Allies were not enthusiastic about the The Allies were not enthusiastic about the points, and the Germans rejected the program points, and the Germans rejected the program outrightoutright

German Prisoners in a French German Prisoners in a French PrisionPrision

The Paris Peace ConferenceThe Paris Peace Conference On Dec. 4, 1918, Wilson boarded the USS On Dec. 4, 1918, Wilson boarded the USS

George Washington for Europe, becoming George Washington for Europe, becoming the first president to cross the Atlantic the first president to cross the Atlantic while in officewhile in office

The peace conference was dominated by The peace conference was dominated by the {the {Big FourBig Four which consisted of Wilson: which consisted of Wilson: United Stated, David Lloyd George the United Stated, David Lloyd George the British Prime Minister, Georges British Prime Minister, Georges Clemenceau the French Premier and Clemenceau the French Premier and Vittorio Orlando the Italian Prime Vittorio Orlando the Italian Prime Minister.}Minister.}

After six months of debate they agreed to After six months of debate they agreed to a peace treaty. a peace treaty.

The Treaty of Versailles took place on June The Treaty of Versailles took place on June 28, 1919. 28, 1919.

Continued….Continued…. German colonies and the Ottoman Empire were German colonies and the Ottoman Empire were

divided among the Allied nations. Wilson divided among the Allied nations. Wilson required them to report to the League of required them to report to the League of Nations thoughNations though

It created the new nations of Czechoslovakia It created the new nations of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia and reestablished Estonia, and Yugoslavia and reestablished Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania and PolandFinland, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland

France regained the strip between them and France regained the strip between them and GermanyGermany

And Germany was disarmed and forced to And Germany was disarmed and forced to admit full responsibility for the war, and admit full responsibility for the war, and charged billions of dollars in reparationscharged billions of dollars in reparations

Above all Wilson wanted to make sure the Above all Wilson wanted to make sure the League of Nations was included League of Nations was included

The Treaty in the SenateThe Treaty in the Senate Wilson returned to the U.S. and had to Wilson returned to the U.S. and had to

convince the Senate to accept the Treaty convince the Senate to accept the Treaty of Versailles. of Versailles.

He was pretty sure he had the Democratic He was pretty sure he had the Democratic vote but needed the Republicans to make vote but needed the Republicans to make the 2/3 votethe 2/3 vote

35 of the 49 Republican Senators said they 35 of the 49 Republican Senators said they would consider it if Article 10, which stated would consider it if Article 10, which stated that the U.S. would go to war if any that the U.S. would go to war if any League Member needed us, was taken outLeague Member needed us, was taken out

Wilson refused to compromise the LeagueWilson refused to compromise the League In Colorado while giving a speech, Wilson In Colorado while giving a speech, Wilson

collapsed of a near fatal stroke, and was collapsed of a near fatal stroke, and was confined to the White House for the confined to the White House for the remainder of his termremainder of his term

The Global Impact of the WarThe Global Impact of the War While the U.S. debated the Treaty of Versailles, While the U.S. debated the Treaty of Versailles,

Europe struggled to recoverEurope struggled to recover More than 8.5 million people had died in battle More than 8.5 million people had died in battle

and another 21 million were woundedand another 21 million were wounded They experienced food shortages. Also the They experienced food shortages. Also the

businesses that did survive could not produce businesses that did survive could not produce enough to meet demandenough to meet demand

Arab nations sided with the Allies in hopes of Arab nations sided with the Allies in hopes of wining independence from the Ottoman Truks. wining independence from the Ottoman Truks. Instead they found themselves living under Instead they found themselves living under French and British ruleFrench and British rule

Tensions grew after Britain the Balfour Tensions grew after Britain the Balfour Declaration, which declared British support for Declaration, which declared British support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine a Jewish homeland in Palestine

Review QuestionsReview Questions This man led a group of radical Socialists, This man led a group of radical Socialists,

called the Bolsheviks took control of Russiacalled the Bolsheviks took control of Russia At 11:00am on November 11At 11:00am on November 11thth both parties both parties

signed this and the cease fire went into effectsigned this and the cease fire went into effect This group consisted of Wilson United Stated, This group consisted of Wilson United Stated,

David Lloyd George the British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George the British Prime Minister, Georges Clemenceau the French Premier and Georges Clemenceau the French Premier and Vittorio Orlando the Italian Prime Minister.Vittorio Orlando the Italian Prime Minister.