CHAPTER 12: SATELLITE ATM NETWORKS I. F. Akyildiz Broadband & Wireless Networking Laboratory School...

CHAPTER 12:CHAPTER 12:SATELLITE ATM NETWORKSSATELLITE ATM NETWORKS

I. F. AkyildizI. F. Akyildiz

Broadband & Wireless Networking LaboratoryBroadband & Wireless Networking Laboratory

School of Electrical and Computer EngineeringSchool of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Georgia Institute of TechnologyGeorgia Institute of Technology

Tel: 404-894-5141; Fax: 404-894-7883 Tel: 404-894-5141; Fax: 404-894-7883

Email: [email protected]: [email protected]

Web: http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwnWeb: http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn

2IFA’2005ECE6609

Why Satellite ATM Why Satellite ATM NetworksNetworks??

Wide geographical area coverage From kbps to Gbps communication everywhere Faster deployment than terrestrial infrastructures Bypass clogged terrestrial networks and are oblivious to

terrestrial disasters Supporting both symmetrical and asymmetrical

architectures Seamless integration capability with terrestrial networks Very flexible bandwidth-on-demand capabilities Flexible in terms of network configuration and capacity

allocation Broadcast, Point-to-Point and Multicast capabilities Scalable

3IFA’2005ECE6609

OrbitsOrbits

Defining the altitude where the satellite Defining the altitude where the satellite will operate.will operate.

Determining the right orbit depends on Determining the right orbit depends on proposed service characteristics such as proposed service characteristics such as coverage, applications, delay.coverage, applications, delay.

4IFA’2005ECE6609

Orbits (cont.)Orbits (cont.)

Outer Van Allen Belt (13000-20000 km)

MEO ( < 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( < 2K km)

Inner Van Allen Belt (1500-5000 km)

GEO: Geosynchronous Earth OrbitGEO: Geosynchronous Earth Orbit

MEO: Medium Earth OrbitMEO: Medium Earth Orbit

LEO: Low Earth OrbitLEO: Low Earth Orbit

5IFA’2005ECE6609

Types of SatellitesTypes of Satellites

HEOHEO: : var. (Molniya, Ellipso)var. (Molniya, Ellipso)

LEO: < 2K kmLEO: < 2K km

MEO: < 13K km (Odyssey, Inmarsat-P)MEO: < 13K km (Odyssey, Inmarsat-P)

GEO: 33786 kmGEO: 33786 km

(Globalstar, Iridium, Teledesic)(Globalstar, Iridium, Teledesic)

Geostationary/Geosynchronous Earth Orbit Geostationary/Geosynchronous Earth Orbit Satellites (GSOs) Satellites (GSOs) (Propagation Delay: 250-280 ms)(Propagation Delay: 250-280 ms)

Medium Earth Orbit Satellites (MEOs) Medium Earth Orbit Satellites (MEOs) (Propagation Delay: 110-130 ms)(Propagation Delay: 110-130 ms)

Highly Elliptical Satellites (HEOs) Highly Elliptical Satellites (HEOs) (Propagation Delay: Variable)(Propagation Delay: Variable)

Low Earth Orbit Satellite (LEOs) Low Earth Orbit Satellite (LEOs) (Propagation (Propagation Delay: 20-25 ms)Delay: 20-25 ms)

6IFA’2005ECE6609

Geostationary/Geosynchronous Geostationary/Geosynchronous Earth Orbit Satellites (GSOs)Earth Orbit Satellites (GSOs)

33786 km equatorial orbit33786 km equatorial orbit Rotation speed equals Earth rotation Rotation speed equals Earth rotation

speed speed (Satellite seems fixed in the horizon)(Satellite seems fixed in the horizon)

Wide coverage areaWide coverage area Applications (Broadcast/Fixed Satellites, Applications (Broadcast/Fixed Satellites,

Direct Broadcast, Mobile Services)Direct Broadcast, Mobile Services)

7IFA’2005ECE6609

Advantages of GSOsAdvantages of GSOs

Wide coverageWide coverage High quality and Wideband High quality and Wideband

communicationscommunications Economic EfficiencyEconomic Efficiency Tracking process is easier because of its Tracking process is easier because of its

synchronization to Earthsynchronization to Earth

8IFA’2005ECE6609

Disadvantages of GSOsDisadvantages of GSOs

Long propagation delays (250-280 ms).Long propagation delays (250-280 ms).(e.g., Typical Intern. Tel. Call (e.g., Typical Intern. Tel. Call 540 ms round-trip delay. 540 ms round-trip delay. Echo cancelers needed. Expensive!)Echo cancelers needed. Expensive!)(e.g., Delay may cause errors in data; (e.g., Delay may cause errors in data; Error correction /detection techniques are needed.)Error correction /detection techniques are needed.)

Large propagation loss. Requirement for Large propagation loss. Requirement for high power level.high power level.(e.g., Future hand-held mobile terminals have limited (e.g., Future hand-held mobile terminals have limited power supply.)power supply.)Currently: smallest terminal for a GSO is as large as an Currently: smallest terminal for a GSO is as large as an A4 paper and as heavy as 2.5 Kg.A4 paper and as heavy as 2.5 Kg.

9IFA’2005ECE6609

Disadvantages of GSOs Disadvantages of GSOs (cont.)(cont.)

Lack of coverage at Northern and Lack of coverage at Northern and Southern latitudes.Southern latitudes.

High cost of launching a satellite.High cost of launching a satellite. Enough spacing between the satellites to Enough spacing between the satellites to

avoid collisions.avoid collisions. Existence of hundreds of GSOs belonging Existence of hundreds of GSOs belonging

to different countries.to different countries. Available frequency spectrum assigned to Available frequency spectrum assigned to

GSOs is limitedGSOs is limited..

10IFA’2005ECE6609

Medium Earth Orbit Satellites Medium Earth Orbit Satellites (MEOs)(MEOs)

Positioned in 10-13K km range.Positioned in 10-13K km range.Delay is 110-130 ms.Delay is 110-130 ms.Will orbit the Earth at less than 1 Will orbit the Earth at less than 1

km/s.km/s.Applications Applications

– Mobile Services/Voice Mobile Services/Voice (Intermediate (Intermediate Circular OrbitCircular Orbit (ICO) (ICO) Project)Project)

– Fixed Multimedia (Expressway)Fixed Multimedia (Expressway)

11IFA’2005ECE6609

Highly Elliptical Orbit Satellites Highly Elliptical Orbit Satellites (HEOs)(HEOs)

From a few hundreds of km to 10s From a few hundreds of km to 10s of thousands of thousands allows to maximize allows to maximize the coverage of specific Earth the coverage of specific Earth regions.regions.

Variable field of view and delay.Variable field of view and delay.Examples: Examples: MOLNIYA, ARCHIMEDESMOLNIYA, ARCHIMEDES

(Direct Audio Broadcast)(Direct Audio Broadcast), , ELLIPSOELLIPSO..

12IFA’2005ECE6609

Low Earth Orbit Satellites Low Earth Orbit Satellites (LEOs)(LEOs)

Usually less than 2000 km Usually less than 2000 km (780-1400 km are (780-1400 km are favored).favored).

Few ms of delay Few ms of delay (20-25 ms).(20-25 ms). They must move quickly to avoid falling into Earth They must move quickly to avoid falling into Earth

LEOs circle Earth in 100 minutes at 24K km/hour. LEOs circle Earth in 100 minutes at 24K km/hour. (5-10 km per second).(5-10 km per second).

Examples: Examples: – Earth resource management (Earth resource management (Landsat, Spot, RadarsatLandsat, Spot, Radarsat))– Paging (Paging (OrbcommOrbcomm))– Mobile (Mobile (IridiumIridium))– Fixed broadband (Fixed broadband (Teledesic, Celestri, SkybridgeTeledesic, Celestri, Skybridge))

13IFA’2005ECE6609

Low Earth Orbit Satellites Low Earth Orbit Satellites (LEOs) (cont.)(LEOs) (cont.)

Little LEOs: 800 MHz rangeBig LEOs: > 2 GHzMega LEOs: 20-30 GHz

14IFA’2005ECE6609

Comparison of Different Comparison of Different Satellite SystemsSatellite Systems

LEO MEO GEO

Satellite Life 3-7 10-15 10-15

Hand-held Terminal Possible Possible Difficult

Propagation Delay Short Medium Long

Propagation Loss Low Medium High

Network Complexity Complex Medium Simple

Hand-off Very Medium None

Visibility of a Satellite

Short Medium Mostly Always

15IFA’2005ECE6609

Comparison of Satellite Comparison of Satellite Systems According to their Systems According to their Altitudes (cont.)Altitudes (cont.)

16IFA’2005ECE6609

Why Hybrids?Why Hybrids?

GSO + LEOGSO + LEO– GSO for broadcast and GSO for broadcast and

management informationmanagement information– LEO for real-time, interactiveLEO for real-time, interactive

LEO or GSO + Terrestrial LEO or GSO + Terrestrial InfrastructureInfrastructure– Take advantage of the ground Take advantage of the ground

infrastructureinfrastructure

17IFA’2005ECE6609

Frequency BandsFrequency Bands

NarrowBand SystemsNarrowBand Systems L-BandL-Band 1.535-1.56 GHz DL; 1.535-1.56 GHz DL;

1.635-1.66 GHz UL1.635-1.66 GHz UL S-BandS-Band 2.5-2.54 GHz DL; 2.5-2.54 GHz DL;

2.65-2.69 GHz UL2.65-2.69 GHz UL C-BandC-Band 3.7-4.2 GHz DL; 3.7-4.2 GHz DL;

5.9-6.4 GHz UL5.9-6.4 GHz UL X-BandX-Band 7.25-7.75 GHz DL; 7.25-7.75 GHz DL;

7.9-8.4 GHz UL7.9-8.4 GHz UL

18IFA’2005ECE6609

Frequency Bands Frequency Bands (cont.)(cont.)

WideBand/Broadband SystemsWideBand/Broadband SystemsKu-BandKu-Band 10-13 GHz DL; 10-13 GHz DL;

14-17 GHz UL 14-17 GHz UL(36 MHz of channel bandwidth; enough (36 MHz of channel bandwidth; enough for typical 50-60 Mbps applications)for typical 50-60 Mbps applications)

Ka-BandKa-Band 18-20 GHz DL; 18-20 GHz DL; 27-31 GHz UL 27-31 GHz UL(500 MHz of channel bandwidth; enough (500 MHz of channel bandwidth; enough for Gigabit applications)for Gigabit applications)

19IFA’2005ECE6609

Next Generation Systems: Next Generation Systems: Mostly Ka-bandMostly Ka-band

Ka band usage driven by:Ka band usage driven by:– Higher bit rates - 2Mbps to 155 MbpsHigher bit rates - 2Mbps to 155 Mbps– Lack of existing slots in the Ku bandLack of existing slots in the Ku band

FeaturesFeatures– Spot beams and smaller terminalsSpot beams and smaller terminals– Switching capabilities on certain systemsSwitching capabilities on certain systems– Bandwidth-on-demandBandwidth-on-demand

DrawbacksDrawbacks– Higher fadingHigher fading– Manufacturing and availability of Ka band devicesManufacturing and availability of Ka band devices– Little heritage from existing systems (except ACTS and Italsat)Little heritage from existing systems (except ACTS and Italsat)

20IFA’2005ECE6609

Frequency Bands Frequency Bands (cont.)(cont.)

New Open BandsNew Open Bands (not licensed yet)(not licensed yet)

GHz of bandwidthGHz of bandwidthQ-BandQ-Band in the 40 GHz in the 40 GHzV-BandV-Band 60 GHz DL; 60 GHz DL;

50 GHz UL 50 GHz UL

21IFA’2005ECE6609

Space Environment IssuesSpace Environment Issues

Harsh Harsh hard on materials and hard on materials and electronics electronics (faster aging)(faster aging)

Radiation is high Radiation is high (Solar flares and (Solar flares and other solar events; Van Allen Belts)other solar events; Van Allen Belts)

Reduction of lifes of space systems Reduction of lifes of space systems

(12-15 years maximum).(12-15 years maximum).

22IFA’2005ECE6609

Space Environment Issues Space Environment Issues (cont.)(cont.)

DebrisDebris (specially for LEO systems) (specially for LEO systems) (At 7 Km/s impact damage can be important. (At 7 Km/s impact damage can be important. Debris is going to be regulated).Debris is going to be regulated).

Atomic oxygenAtomic oxygen can be a threat to can be a threat to materials and electronics at LEO orbits.materials and electronics at LEO orbits.

GravitationGravitation pulls the satellite towards pulls the satellite towards earth.earth.

Limited propulsion to maintain orbit Limited propulsion to maintain orbit (Limits (Limits the life of satellites; Drags an issue for LEOs).the life of satellites; Drags an issue for LEOs).

Thermal EnvironmentThermal Environment again limits material again limits material and electronics life.and electronics life.

23IFA’2005ECE6609

Basic ArchitectureBasic Architecture

Ring

WirelessTerrestrial

Network

Internet

LAN

EthernetEthernet

Internet

Ethernet

RingMobile Network

Public Network

MAN

SIU- Satellite Interface UnitSIU - Satellite Interworking Unit

24IFA’2005ECE6609

ATM-Satellite Configuration

Multi-Service Workstation

ASIU Modem

SONET/PDH/PLCP

SatelliteInterface

Multi-Service Workstation

ASIU Modem

SONET/PDH/PLCP

SatelliteInterface

Satellite

25IFA’2005ECE6609

3.2. ATM Satellite 3.2. ATM Satellite Interworking Unit (ASIU)Interworking Unit (ASIU)

26IFA’2005ECE6609

Payload ConceptsPayload Concepts

Bent Pipe ProcessingBent Pipe ProcessingOnboard ProcessingOnboard ProcessingOnboard SwitchingOnboard Switching

27IFA’2005ECE6609

Bent Pipe Bent Pipe ProcessingProcessing

Amplifies (repeats) the received signalsAmplifies (repeats) the received signals Does not require demodulation/modulation of Does not require demodulation/modulation of

signalssignals Simple payload (but little flexibility)Simple payload (but little flexibility)

28IFA’2005ECE6609

Bent-Pipe Protocol Stack Bent-Pipe Protocol Stack (IP over ATM)(IP over ATM)

PhysicalSatelliteSatellite

TCP

AAL

ATM

Medium Access Control

Data Link Control

Physical

User Terminal

Applications

UDP

IP

TCP

AAL

ATM


Data Link Control

Physical

User Terminal

Applications

UDP

IP

29IFA’2005ECE6609

3.5 Onboard Processing 3.5 Onboard Processing (Transparent)(Transparent)

Regenerates the received frequencies (3 dB Regenerates the received frequencies (3 dB gain)gain)

Requires demodulation/modulation of signalsRequires demodulation/modulation of signals Digital payload (can be multibeam)Digital payload (can be multibeam) Used mostly for mobile systemsUsed mostly for mobile systems

30IFA’2005ECE6609

Onboard Processing Onboard Processing Protocol Stack (IP over Protocol Stack (IP over ATM)ATM)

SatelliteSatellite

TCP

AAL

ATM


Data Link Control

Physical

User Terminal

Applications

UDP

IP

TCP

AAL

ATM


Data Link Control

Physical

User Terminal

Applications

UDP

IP

Physical


Data Link Control

31IFA’2005ECE6609

Onboard SwitchingOnboard Switching

Regenerates the received frequencies (3 dB Regenerates the received frequencies (3 dB gain)gain)

Digital baseband switching multibeam payloadDigital baseband switching multibeam payload Baseline for most future satellite systemsBaseline for most future satellite systems

32IFA’2005ECE6609

Onboard Switching Onboard Switching Protocol Stack (IP over Protocol Stack (IP over ATM)ATM)

TCP

AAL

ATM


Data Link Control

Physical

User Terminal

Applications

UDP

IP

TCP

AAL

ATM


Data Link Control

Physical

User Terminal

Applications

UDP

IP

SatelliteSatellite

Physical


Data Link Control

Network

33IFA’2005ECE6609

ATMNetwork AIUAIU

TIUTIU

FIUFIU

MIUMIU

LMAPCLMAPC

ACDU

ACMU

ACDU

ACMUExisting

ASIUFunctions

ExistingASIU

Functions SIUSIU

EIUEIU

TokenRing

Ethernet

FDDI

IEEE 802.6MAN

LAN/MAN Interconnection

ATMNetwork AIUAIU

TIUTIU

FIUFIU

MIUMIU

LMAPCLMAPC

ACDU

ACMU

ACDU

ACMUExisting

ASIUFunctions

ExistingASIU

Functions SIUSIU

EIUEIU

TokenRing

Ethernet

FDDI

IEEE 802.6MAN

ASIU

ASIU

Satellite Modem

Satellite Modem

CommunicationSatellite

34IFA’2005ECE6609

Physical

MAC. (IEEE

802 3,5,6

LLC

IP

TCP/UDP

Applicat-ions & Higher Layers

Physical

MAC (IEEE

802.3,5,6

LLC LLCLMAPC

Satellite Modem I/F

AAL

ATM

Physical

USER

Physical

MAC (IEEE

802.3,5,6

LLC

IP

TCP/ UDP

Applications & Higher

Layers

Physical

MAC (IEEE

802.3,5,6

LLC LLCLMAPC

Satellite Modem I/F

AAL

ATM

Physical

USER

LAN/MAN Internetworking Protocol Architecture

Communication Satellite

1

2a

2b

3

4

ASIU ASIUSatellite Modem

Satellite Modem

35IFA’2005ECE6609

IP-ATM-Satellite ConfigurationIP-ATM-Satellite Configuration

TCP-PEACH

RTCP/UDP

Applications

Quality-Critical Time-Critical

IPv4/IPv6

AAL5 AAL2x

Physical

MAC (WISPER-2)

AFEC

ATM

RCSRCS

A NEW PROTOCOL SUITE A NEW PROTOCOL SUITE FOR SATELLITE NETWORKSFOR SATELLITE NETWORKS

36IFA’2005ECE6609

TCP Problems in TCP Problems in Satellite NetworksSatellite Networks

Long Propagation Delays Long Propagation Delays

- Long duration of the - Long duration of the Slow StartSlow Start phase -> phase -> TCP sender does not use the available TCP sender does not use the available bandwidthbandwidth

- - cwnd < rwnd.cwnd < rwnd. The transmission rate of the sender is The transmission rate of the sender is

bounded.bounded. The higher The higher RTTRTT the lower is the the lower is the bound on the transmission rate for the bound on the transmission rate for the sender.sender.

37IFA’2005ECE6609


High link error ratesHigh link error rates- The TCP protocol was initially - The TCP protocol was initially designed to work in networks with low designed to work in networks with low link error rates, i.e., all segment losses link error rates, i.e., all segment losses were mostly due to network were mostly due to network congestion. As a result the TCP sender congestion. As a result the TCP sender decreases its transmission rate decreases its transmission rate -> causes unnecessary throughput -> causes unnecessary throughput degradation if segment losses occur degradation if segment losses occur due to link errorsdue to link errors

38IFA’2005ECE6609


Asymmetric Bandwidth: Asymmetric Bandwidth:

- ACK packets may congest the - ACK packets may congest the reverse channel, and be delayed or reverse channel, and be delayed or lost -> Traffic burstiness increases lost -> Traffic burstiness increases and Throughput decreasesand Throughput decreases

39IFA’2005ECE6609

Duration of the Slow Start Duration of the Slow Start for LEO, MEO and GEO for LEO, MEO and GEO

SatellitesSatellites

Satellite Type

RTTmsec

TSlowStart(B=1Mb/sec)



LEO 50 0.18 sec 0.35 sec 0.55 sec

MEO 250 1.49 sec 2.32 sec 3.31 sec

GEO 550 3.91 sec 5.73 sec 7.91 sec

40IFA’2005ECE6609

TCP Peach: A New TCP Peach: A New Congestion Scheme for Congestion Scheme for

Satellite NetworksSatellite Networks

Sudden Start (*)Sudden Start (*)Congestion AvoidanceCongestion AvoidanceFast RetransmitFast RetransmitRapid Recovery (*)Rapid Recovery (*)

* * I. F. Akyildiz, G. Morabito, S. PalazzoI. F. Akyildiz, G. Morabito, S. Palazzo,”TCP Peach: A ,”TCP Peach: A New Flow Control Scheme for Satellite Networks”.New Flow Control Scheme for Satellite Networks”. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, June 2001.IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, June 2001.

41IFA’2005ECE6609

TCP-Peach SchemeTCP-Peach Scheme

42IFA’2005ECE6609

Comparison Between the Comparison Between the Sudden Start and the Slow Sudden Start and the Slow StartStart

43IFA’2005ECE6609

What is Handover?What is Handover?

Leo Satellites Leo Satellites circulate the Earth circulate the Earth at a constant at a constant speed.speed.

Coverage area of a Coverage area of a LEO satellite LEO satellite changes changes continuously.continuously.

Handover is Handover is necessary between necessary between end-satellites.end-satellites.

44IFA’2005ECE6609

Types of Types of HandoverHandover

45IFA’2005ECE6609

Footprint and Orbit Footprint and Orbit PeriodsPeriods

46IFA’2005ECE6609

Handover Management Handover Management Through Re-routingThrough Re-routingUzunalioglu, H., Akyildiz, I.F., Yesha, Y., and Yen W., Uzunalioglu, H., Akyildiz, I.F., Yesha, Y., and Yen W., "Footprint Handover Rerouting Protocol for LEO Satellite Networks,""Footprint Handover Rerouting Protocol for LEO Satellite Networks," ACM-Baltzer Journal of Wireless Networks (WINET), Vol. 5, ACM-Baltzer Journal of Wireless Networks (WINET), Vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 327-337, November 1999. No. 5, pp. 327-337, November 1999.

47IFA’2005ECE6609

Footprint Re-routing Footprint Re-routing (FR)(FR)

48IFA’2005ECE6609

Routing Algorithms Routing Algorithms for Satellite Networksfor Satellite Networks

Satellites organized in Satellites organized in planesplanes

User Data Links (UDL)User Data Links (UDL) Inter-Satellite Links (ISL)Inter-Satellite Links (ISL) Short roundtrip delaysShort roundtrip delays Very dynamic yet Very dynamic yet

predictable network predictable network topologytopology– Satellite positionsSatellite positions– Link availabilityLink availability

Changing visibility from the Changing visibility from the EarthEarth

http://www.teledesic.com/tech/mGall.htmhttp://www.teledesic.com/tech/mGall.htm

49IFA’2005ECE6609

SeamSeam– Border between Border between

counter-rotating counter-rotating satellite planessatellite planes

Polar RegionsPolar Regions– Regions where the Regions where the

inter-plane ISLs inter-plane ISLs are turned offare turned off

LEO’s at Polar OrbitsLEO’s at Polar Orbits

E. Ekici, I. F. Akyildiz, M. Bender, “The Datagram Routing Algorithm for Satellite IP Networks” ,E. Ekici, I. F. Akyildiz, M. Bender, “The Datagram Routing Algorithm for Satellite IP Networks” ,IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, April 2001. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, April 2001.

E. Ekici, I. F. Akyildiz, M. Bender, “A New Multicast Routing Algorithm for Satellite IP Networks”,E. Ekici, I. F. Akyildiz, M. Bender, “A New Multicast Routing Algorithm for Satellite IP Networks”,IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, April 2002.IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, April 2002.

50IFA’2005ECE6609

IP-Based Routing in LEO IP-Based Routing in LEO Satellite NetworksSatellite Networks

Datagram RoutingDatagram Routing– Darting Darting

AlgorithmAlgorithm– Geographic-Geographic-

BasedBased Multicast RoutingMulticast Routing

– No scheme No scheme availableavailable

51IFA’2005ECE6609

Routing in Multi-Layered Routing in Multi-Layered Satellite NetworksSatellite Networks

52IFA’2005ECE6609

Satellite Satellite ArchitectureArchitecture– Consists of multiple Consists of multiple

layers (here 3)layers (here 3)– UDL/ISL/IOLUDL/ISL/IOL– Terrestrial Terrestrial

gateways gateways connected to at connected to at least one satelliteleast one satellite

Multi-Layered Satellite Multi-Layered Satellite RoutingRoutingI.F. Akyildiz, E. Ekici and M.D. Bender, “MLSR: A Novel Routing Algorithm I.F. Akyildiz, E. Ekici and M.D. Bender, “MLSR: A Novel Routing Algorithm for Multi-Layered Satellite IP Networks,” for Multi-Layered Satellite IP Networks,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,Networking, June 2002. June 2002.

53IFA’2005ECE6609

Iridium NetworkIridium Network

54IFA’2005ECE6609

Iridium Network Iridium Network (cont.)(cont.)

55IFA’2005ECE6609


6 orbits6 orbits 11 satellites/orbit11 satellites/orbit 48 spotbeams/satellite48 spotbeams/satellite Spotbeam diameter = 700 kmSpotbeam diameter = 700 km Footprint diameter = 4021kmFootprint diameter = 4021km 59 beams to cover United States59 beams to cover United States Satellite speed = 26,000 km/h = 7 km/sSatellite speed = 26,000 km/h = 7 km/s Satellite visibility = 9 - 10 minSatellite visibility = 9 - 10 min Spotbeam visibility < 1 minuteSpotbeam visibility < 1 minute System period = 100 minutesSystem period = 100 minutes

56IFA’2005ECE6609


4.8 kbps voice, 2.4 Kbps data4.8 kbps voice, 2.4 Kbps data TDMATDMA 80 channels /beam80 channels /beam 3168 beams globally (2150 active beams)3168 beams globally (2150 active beams) Dual mode user handsetDual mode user handset User-Satellite Link = L-BandUser-Satellite Link = L-Band Gateway-Satellite Link = Ka-BandGateway-Satellite Link = Ka-Band Inter-Satellite Link = Ka-BandInter-Satellite Link = Ka-Band

57IFA’2005ECE6609

Operational SystemsOperational Systems

Reference EUTELSAT INTELSATType Bent Pipe Bent PipeOrbit GSO GSOInvestors Eutelsat IntelsatPrime Various VariousServices Multimedia Voice, Data, Video Conf.Frequencies Ku KuAntennas (cm) 120+ 120+U/ L Rates (Mbps) 0.016-2 0.016-2Number of Satellites 1 26Primary Access FDMA/TDMA FDMA/TDMAMultibeam No NoISLs No NoTransport Protocol IP/ATM IP

58IFA’2005ECE6609

Operational Systems Operational Systems (cont.) Little LEOs(cont.) Little LEOs

Reference ORBCOMM VITASAT STARNET

Type Bent Pipe Bent Pipe Bent Pipe

Altitude (km) 775 1000 1000

Coverage Below 1 GHz Below 1 GHz Below 1 GHz

Number ofSatellites

36 24 24

Mass ofSatellites (kg)

40 150 150

59IFA’2005ECE6609

Proposed and Proposed and Operational SystemsOperational Systems

1.1. ICO Global Communications (New ICO)ICO Global Communications (New ICO) Number of Satellites:Number of Satellites: 1010 Planes:Planes: 22 Satellites/Plane:Satellites/Plane: 55 Altitude:Altitude: 10,350 km10,350 km Orbital Inclination:Orbital Inclination: 45°45° Remarks:Remarks:

Service:Service: Voice @ 4.8 kbps, data @ 2.4 kbps and higher Voice @ 4.8 kbps, data @ 2.4 kbps and higher Operation anticipated in 2003Operation anticipated in 2003 System taken over by private investors due to financial difficultiesSystem taken over by private investors due to financial difficulties Estimated cost:Estimated cost: $4,000,000,000 $4,000,000,000 163 spot beams/satellite, 950,000 km163 spot beams/satellite, 950,000 km22 coverage area/beam, coverage area/beam,

28 channels/beam28 channels/beam Service link:Service link: 1.98-2.01 GHz (downlink), 2.17-2.2 GHz (uplink); (TDMA)1.98-2.01 GHz (downlink), 2.17-2.2 GHz (uplink); (TDMA) Feeder link:Feeder link: 3.6 GHz band (downlink), 6.5 GHz band (uplink)3.6 GHz band (downlink), 6.5 GHz band (uplink)

60IFA’2005ECE6609

Proposed and Proposed and Operational Systems Operational Systems (cont.)(cont.)

2.2. GlobalstarGlobalstar Number of Satellites:Number of Satellites: 48 48 Planes:Planes: 88 Satellites/Plane:Satellites/Plane: 66 Altitude:Altitude: 1,414 km 1,414 km Orbital Inclination:Orbital Inclination: 52° 52° Remarks:Remarks:

Service:Service: Voice @ 4.8 kbps, data @ 7.2 kbps Voice @ 4.8 kbps, data @ 7.2 kbps Operation started in 1999Operation started in 1999 Early financial difficultiesEarly financial difficulties Estimated cost:Estimated cost: $2,600,000,000 $2,600,000,000 16 spot beams/satellite, 2,900,000 km16 spot beams/satellite, 2,900,000 km22 coverage area/beam, coverage area/beam,

175 channels/beam175 channels/beam Service link:Service link: 1.61-1.63 GHz (downlink), 2.48-2.5 GHz (uplink); (CDMA)1.61-1.63 GHz (downlink), 2.48-2.5 GHz (uplink); (CDMA) Feeder link:Feeder link: 6.7-7.08 GHz (downlink), 5.09-5.25 GHz (uplink)6.7-7.08 GHz (downlink), 5.09-5.25 GHz (uplink)

61IFA’2005ECE6609


3.3. ORBCOMORBCOM Number of Satellites:Number of Satellites: 3636 Planes:Planes: 44 22 Satellites/Plane:Satellites/Plane: 22 22 Altitude:Altitude: 775 km775 km 775 775

kmkm Orbital Inclination:Orbital Inclination: 45°45° 70° 70° Remarks:Remarks:

Near real-time serviceNear real-time service Operation started in 1998 Operation started in 1998 (first in market)(first in market) Cost:Cost: $350,000,000 $350,000,000 Service link:Service link: 137-138 MHz (downlink), 148-149 MHz (uplink)137-138 MHz (downlink), 148-149 MHz (uplink) Spacecraft mass: Spacecraft mass: 40 kg40 kg

62IFA’2005ECE6609


4.4. StarsysStarsys Number of Satellites:Number of Satellites: 2424 Planes:Planes: 6 6 Satellites/Plane:Satellites/Plane: 4 4 Altitude:Altitude: 1,000 km1,000 km Orbital Inclination:Orbital Inclination: 53°53° Remarks:Remarks:

Service:Service: Messaging and positioning Messaging and positioning Global coverageGlobal coverage Service link:Service link: 137-138 MHz (downlink), 148-149 MHz (uplink)137-138 MHz (downlink), 148-149 MHz (uplink) Spacecraft mass: Spacecraft mass: 150 kg150 kg

63IFA’2005ECE6609


5.5. Teledesic (original proposal)Teledesic (original proposal) Number of Satellites:Number of Satellites: 840 (original) 840 (original) Planes:Planes: 21 21 Satellites/Plane:Satellites/Plane: 40 40 Altitude:Altitude: 700 km700 km Orbital Inclination:Orbital Inclination: 98.2°98.2° Remarks:Remarks:

Service:Service: FSS, provision for mobile service FSS, provision for mobile service (16 kbps – 2.048 Mbps, including video) for 2,000,000 (16 kbps – 2.048 Mbps, including video) for 2,000,000

usersusers Sun-synchronous orbit, earth-fixed cellsSun-synchronous orbit, earth-fixed cells System cost:System cost: $9,000,000,000 ($2000 for terminals) $9,000,000,000 ($2000 for terminals) Service link:Service link: 18.8-19.3 GHz (downlink), 28.6-29.1 GHz (uplink) (K18.8-19.3 GHz (downlink), 28.6-29.1 GHz (uplink) (Kaa band) band) ISL:ISL: 60 GHz60 GHz Spacecraft mass: Spacecraft mass: 795 kg795 kg

64IFA’2005ECE6609


6.6. Teledesic (final proposal)Teledesic (final proposal) Number of Satellites:Number of Satellites: 288 (scaled down)288 (scaled down) Planes:Planes: 12 12 Satellites/Plane:Satellites/Plane: 24 24 Altitude:Altitude: 700 km700 km Remarks:Remarks:

Service:Service: FSS, provision for mobile service FSS, provision for mobile service (16 kbps – 2.048 Mbps, including video) for 2,000,000 (16 kbps – 2.048 Mbps, including video) for 2,000,000

usersusers Sun-synchronous orbit, earth-fixed cellsSun-synchronous orbit, earth-fixed cells System cost:System cost: $9,000,000,000 ($2000 for terminals) $9,000,000,000 ($2000 for terminals) Service link:Service link: 18.8-19.3 GHz (downlink), 28.6-29.1 GHz (uplink) (K18.8-19.3 GHz (downlink), 28.6-29.1 GHz (uplink) (Kaa band) band) ISL:ISL: 60 GHz60 GHz Spacecraft mass: Spacecraft mass: 795 kg795 kg

65IFA’2005ECE6609

HALOHALOTMTM Network : A Wireless Network : A Wireless Broadband Metropolitan Area Broadband Metropolitan Area NetworkNetwork

Frequency Options - 28 or 38 Frequency Options - 28 or 38 GHzGHz

Service AvailabilityService Availability

Urban AreaUrban AreaUrban AreaUrban Area

Suburban & RuralSuburban & RuralAreasAreas

Suburban & RuralSuburban & RuralAreasAreas

50 - 75 50 - 75 milesmiles

1 to 151 to 15HALOHALOTMTM Gateway Beams Gateway Beams

100 to 1000100 to 1000Subscriber Subscriber

BeamsBeams Coverage Coverage CellsCells

15 - 150 Gbps Throughput Capacity15 - 150 Gbps Throughput Capacity(5,000 to 50,000 T1 Equivalents)(5,000 to 50,000 T1 Equivalents)

To SatellitesTo Satellites

66IFA’2005ECE6609

HALOHALOTMTM Network Network (cont.)(cont.)

Business Business PremisePremise

EquipmentEquipment

HALO™ HALO™ Network Network

HubHub

Internet Service Provider

(ISP), Content Producer

Public Switched

Telephone Network (PSTN)

To RemoteMetropolitan

Centers

BPE

CPE

Communication PayloadCommunication Payload(Payload & Switching (Payload & Switching

Node)Node)

Network Network Operations Operations

CenterCenter

Consumer Consumer PremisePremise

EquipmentEquipment

HALOHALOGatewayGateway

67IFA’2005ECE6609

HALOHALOTMTM Network (cont.): Network (cont.): Mobility ModelMobility Model

68IFA’2005ECE6609

A StratosphericA StratosphericCommunications LayerCommunications Layer

GEO Satellites22,300 miles

LEO Satellites400 miles

Terrestrial< 200 ft

High Altitude Long Operation

HALO Aircraft10 miles

69IFA’2005ECE6609

Interconnection of HALOInterconnection of HALOTMTM NetworksNetworks

100 Sites 100 Sites Serve 72% ofServe 72% ofPopulationPopulation

70IFA’2005ECE6609

References Published in BWN References Published in BWN LabLab(http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/(http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/))

1.1. Survey PaperSurvey Paper• Akyildiz, I.F. and Jeong, S., Akyildiz, I.F. and Jeong, S., "Satellite ATM "Satellite ATM

Networks: A Survey,"Networks: A Survey," IEEE Communications IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 35, No. 7, pp.30-44, July 1997.Magazine, Vol. 35, No. 7, pp.30-44, July 1997.

71IFA’2005ECE6609


2. Transport Layer2. Transport Layer• Akyildiz, I.F., Morabito, G., and Palazzo, S., Akyildiz, I.F., Morabito, G., and Palazzo, S., "TCP Peach for "TCP Peach for

Satellite Networks: Analytical Model and Performance Satellite Networks: Analytical Model and Performance Evaluation,'' Evaluation,'' International Journal of Satellite International Journal of Satellite Communications, Vol. 19, pp. 429-442, October 2001.Communications, Vol. 19, pp. 429-442, October 2001.

• Akyildiz, I.F., Morabito, G., Palazzo, S., Akyildiz, I.F., Morabito, G., Palazzo, S., "TCP Peach: A New "TCP Peach: A New Congestion Control Scheme for Satellite IP Networks,'' Congestion Control Scheme for Satellite IP Networks,'' IEEE/ACM IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 9, No. 3, June 2001. Transactions on Networking, Vol. 9, No. 3, June 2001.

• Akyildiz, I.F., Morabito, G., Palazzo, S., Akyildiz, I.F., Morabito, G., Palazzo, S., “Research Issues for “Research Issues for Transport Protocols in Satellite IP Networks,'' Transport Protocols in Satellite IP Networks,'' IEEE PCS IEEE PCS (Personal Communications Systems) Magazine, Vol. 8, No. (Personal Communications Systems) Magazine, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 44-48, June 2001.3, pp. 44-48, June 2001.

• Morabito, G., Tang, J., Akyildiz, I.F., and Johnson, M., Morabito, G., Tang, J., Akyildiz, I.F., and Johnson, M., “A “A New Rate Control Scheme for Real-Time Traffic in Satellite IP New Rate Control Scheme for Real-Time Traffic in Satellite IP Networks,'' Networks,'' IEEE Infocom'01, April 2001, Alaska. IEEE Infocom'01, April 2001, Alaska.

72IFA’2005ECE6609


2. Transport Layer (cont.)2. Transport Layer (cont.)• Morabito, G., Akyildiz, I.F., Palazzo S., Morabito, G., Akyildiz, I.F., Palazzo S., "Design and Modeling of "Design and Modeling of

a New Flow Control Scheme (TCP Peach) for Satellite Networks"a New Flow Control Scheme (TCP Peach) for Satellite Networks" IFIP-TC6/ European Union: Networking 2000 Conference: IFIP-TC6/ European Union: Networking 2000 Conference: Broadband Satellite Workshop, Paris, France, May 2000. Broadband Satellite Workshop, Paris, France, May 2000.

• Morabito G., Akyildiz, I.F., Palazzo, S., Morabito G., Akyildiz, I.F., Palazzo, S., "ABR Traffic Control for "ABR Traffic Control for Satellite ATM Networks,"Satellite ATM Networks," IEEE Globecom'99 Conference, Rio De IEEE Globecom'99 Conference, Rio De Janeiro, December 1999.Janeiro, December 1999.

3.3. Handover ManagementHandover Management• Cho, S., Akyildiz I. F., Bender M. D., and Uzunalioglu H., Cho, S., Akyildiz I. F., Bender M. D., and Uzunalioglu H., "A New "A New

Connection Admission Control for Spotbeam Handover in LEO Satellite Connection Admission Control for Spotbeam Handover in LEO Satellite Networks," Networks," to appear in ACM-Kluwer Wireless Networks Journal, to appear in ACM-Kluwer Wireless Networks Journal, 2002.2002.

• Cho, S.R., Akyildiz, I.F., Bender, M.D., and Uzunalioglu, H., Cho, S.R., Akyildiz, I.F., Bender, M.D., and Uzunalioglu, H., “A New “A New Spotbeam Handover Management Technique for LEO Satellite Networks,''Spotbeam Handover Management Technique for LEO Satellite Networks,'' Proc. of IEEE GLOBECOM 2000, San Francisco, CA, November 2000. Proc. of IEEE GLOBECOM 2000, San Francisco, CA, November 2000.

73IFA’2005ECE6609


3. Handover Management (cont.)3. Handover Management (cont.)• Cho, S., Cho, S., “Adaptive Dynamic Channel Allocation Scheme for “Adaptive Dynamic Channel Allocation Scheme for

Spotbeam Handover in LEO Satellite Networks,''Spotbeam Handover in LEO Satellite Networks,'' to appear in the to appear in the IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (IEEE VTC) 2000, IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (IEEE VTC) 2000, Boston, MA, September, 2000.Boston, MA, September, 2000.

• McNair, J., McNair, J., “Location Registration in Mobile Satellite Systems'',“Location Registration in Mobile Satellite Systems'', Proc. Proc. of the 5th IEEE Symposium on Computers and of the 5th IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC 2000), July 2000. Communications (ISCC 2000), July 2000.

• Akyildiz, I.F., Uzunalioglu, H., and Bender, M.D., Akyildiz, I.F., Uzunalioglu, H., and Bender, M.D., "Handover "Handover Management in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellite Networks,"Management in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellite Networks," ACM- ACM-Baltzer Journal of Mobile Networks and Applications (MONET), Baltzer Journal of Mobile Networks and Applications (MONET), Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 301-310, December 1999. Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 301-310, December 1999.

• Uzunalioglu, H., Akyildiz, I.F., Yesha, Y., and Yen W., Uzunalioglu, H., Akyildiz, I.F., Yesha, Y., and Yen W., "Footprint "Footprint Handover Rerouting Protocol for LEO Satellite Networks,"Handover Rerouting Protocol for LEO Satellite Networks," ACM- ACM-Baltzer Journal of Wireless Networks (WINET), Vol. 5, No. 5, Baltzer Journal of Wireless Networks (WINET), Vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 327-337, November 1999. pp. 327-337, November 1999.

74IFA’2005ECE6609


3. Handover Management (cont.)3. Handover Management (cont.)• Uzunalioglu, H., Evans, J.W., and Gowens, J., Uzunalioglu, H., Evans, J.W., and Gowens, J., ”A ”A

Connection Admission Control Algorithm for Low Earth Connection Admission Control Algorithm for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellite Networks,''Orbit (LEO) Satellite Networks,'' Proc. of IEEE ICC'99, pp. Proc. of IEEE ICC'99, pp. 1074 - 1078, Vancouver, Canada, June 1999. 1074 - 1078, Vancouver, Canada, June 1999.

• Uzunalioglu, H., and Yen W., Uzunalioglu, H., and Yen W., “Managing Connection “Managing Connection Handover in Satellite Networks,''Handover in Satellite Networks,'' Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM '97, pp. 1606-1610, Phoenix, Arizona, Dec. 1997. '97, pp. 1606-1610, Phoenix, Arizona, Dec. 1997.

• Uzunalioglu, H., Yen W., and Akyildiz, I.F., Uzunalioglu, H., Yen W., and Akyildiz, I.F., "Handover "Handover Management in LEO Satellite ATM Networks,"Management in LEO Satellite ATM Networks," Proc. of the Proc. of the ACM/IEEE MobiCom'97, pp. 204-214, October 1997. ACM/IEEE MobiCom'97, pp. 204-214, October 1997.

75IFA’2005ECE6609


4. Routing4. Routing• Akyildiz, I.F., Ekici, E., and Bender, M.D., Akyildiz, I.F., Ekici, E., and Bender, M.D., "MLSR: A Novel Routing "MLSR: A Novel Routing

Algorithm for Multi-Layered Satellite IP Networks", Algorithm for Multi-Layered Satellite IP Networks", April 2001; Revised in April 2001; Revised in September 2001. September 2001.

• Ekici, E., Akyildiz, I.F., and Bender, M., Ekici, E., Akyildiz, I.F., and Bender, M., “A Multicast Routing Algorithm “A Multicast Routing Algorithm for LEO Satellite IP Networks,'' for LEO Satellite IP Networks,'' to appear in IEEE/ACM Transactions on to appear in IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, April 2002. Networking, April 2002.

• Ekici, E., Akyildiz, I.F., Bender, M., Ekici, E., Akyildiz, I.F., Bender, M., "A Distributed Routing Algorithm for "A Distributed Routing Algorithm for Datagram Traffic in LEO Satellite Networks," Datagram Traffic in LEO Satellite Networks," IEEE/ACM Transactions on IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 137-148, April 2001. Networking, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 137-148, April 2001.

• Ekici, E., Akyildiz, I.F., and Bender, M.D., Ekici, E., Akyildiz, I.F., and Bender, M.D., "Network Layer Integration of "Network Layer Integration of Terrestrial and Satellite IP Networks over BGP-S" Terrestrial and Satellite IP Networks over BGP-S" Proceedings of Proceedings of GLOBECOM 2001, San Antonio, TX, Nov. 25-29, 2001.GLOBECOM 2001, San Antonio, TX, Nov. 25-29, 2001.

• Uzunalioglu, H., Akyildiz, I.F., and Bender, M.D., Uzunalioglu, H., Akyildiz, I.F., and Bender, M.D., “A Routing Algorithm “A Routing Algorithm for LEO Satellite Networks with Dynamic Connectivity,''for LEO Satellite Networks with Dynamic Connectivity,'' ACM-Baltzer ACM-Baltzer Journal of Wireless Networks (WINET), Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 181-190, Journal of Wireless Networks (WINET), Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 181-190, June 2000. June 2000.

76IFA’2005ECE6609


4. Routing (cont.)4. Routing (cont.)• Ekici, E., Akyildiz, I.F., Bender, M.D., Ekici, E., Akyildiz, I.F., Bender, M.D., "Datagram Routing "Datagram Routing

Algorithm for LEO Satellite Networks''Algorithm for LEO Satellite Networks'' IEEE INFOCOM'2000, IEEE INFOCOM'2000, Israel, March 2000.Israel, March 2000.

• Uzunalioglu, H., Uzunalioglu, H., “Probabilistic Routing Protocol for Low Earth “Probabilistic Routing Protocol for Low Earth Orbit Satellite Networks,''Orbit Satellite Networks,'' Proc. of the IEEE ICC'98, Atlanta, pp. Proc. of the IEEE ICC'98, Atlanta, pp. 89-93, June 1998. 89-93, June 1998.

5.5. HALO NetworkHALO Network• Colella, N.J., Martin, J., and Akyildiz, I.F., Colella, N.J., Martin, J., and Akyildiz, I.F., "The HALO Network,''"The HALO Network,''

IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 142-148, IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 142-148, June 2000.June 2000.

• Akyildiz, I.F., Wang, X., and Colella, N., Akyildiz, I.F., Wang, X., and Colella, N., "HALO (High Altitude "HALO (High Altitude Long Operation): A Broadband Wireless Metropolitan Area Long Operation): A Broadband Wireless Metropolitan Area Network,'' Network,'' IEEE MoMuC'99 (Mobile Multimedia IEEE MoMuC'99 (Mobile Multimedia Communication Conference), San Diego, November 1999. Communication Conference), San Diego, November 1999.

CHAPTER 12: SATELLITE ATM NETWORKS I. F. Akyildiz Broadband & Wireless Networking Laboratory School...

Documents

Transcript of CHAPTER 12: SATELLITE ATM NETWORKS I. F. Akyildiz Broadband & Wireless Networking Laboratory School...