CHAPTER 1&2 NOTESCHAPTER 1&2 NOTES

KONICHEKKONICHEK

I.Science- The organized study of events in the universe.

A. Universe- all matter, space, time, and energy B. Event- a happening along the timline of the

universe- obeys Entropy II.Branches of science A. Life sciences- the biological related sciences B. Earth sciences- geology/ meteorology C. Physical sciences- chemistry and physics 1. Chemistry- the study of how matter reacts 2. Physics- The study of the interactions between

matter and energy a. Branch of knowledge, which studies the

physical world From atoms to the universe

• III Character of a physicistIII Character of a physicist• A. Inquisitive people- wondering why A. Inquisitive people- wondering why

things do what they are doing.things do what they are doing.• 1. Make observations then try to 1. Make observations then try to

find the causes for their observationsfind the causes for their observations• 2. Observations lead to powerful 2. Observations lead to powerful

conclusions through experimentation conclusions through experimentation

Scientific method- the orderly way scientist Scientific method- the orderly way scientist searches for answers.searches for answers.

A. Steps of the scientific method. - Provides a A. Steps of the scientific method. - Provides a guideline for researchguideline for research

1. Observe and state the problem1. Observe and state the problem 2. Analyze the problem2. Analyze the problem 3. Hypothesis- an educated guess 3. Hypothesis- an educated guess 4. Controlled experiment- many trials, many 4. Controlled experiment- many trials, many

controls, one variablecontrols, one variable 5 conclusions- based on the observations and the 5 conclusions- based on the observations and the

experimentexperiment 6. Repeat the procedure- provides validity of the 6. Repeat the procedure- provides validity of the

datadata

So math finally has a purpose

I. Tool of the physicist is mathematics A. Should be able to do mathematical

manipulations of an equation to solve for an unknown.

1. In this class algebra 2 is recommended.

2. College physics requires calculas

II. Metric system- French scientist 1795 A. Based on units of 10 1. SI-international system of units- these are uniform

throughout the world. A, Length. Mass and time are fundamental units 1. Length=meter- defined as the multiple of wavelength

of light given off by krypton-86 2. Mass= kilogram- mass of a platinum- iridium cylinder

near Paris 3. Time = second-1967 defined as "radiation emitted by

a cesium-133 atom" 2. Derived units-these are combinations of fundamental

units (m/s), Kgm/s2

III. Scientific notation- Based on exponential powers

A. Easier to work with. Makes very large or very small numbers manageable

1. The numerical part is expressed as a number between 1 and 10, and that is multiplied by some power of 10

B.Rules for scientific notation 1. The decimal point is after the first figure. 2. Count the number of places the decimal had to

move and that is the exponential a. If the decimal moved left the exponent will

be positive, if the decimal moved right the exponent is negative

HERE THEY ARE IV. Prefixes used with SI (page 17) A. Based on powers of 10. 1) TETRA- 1012

2) GIGA- 109

3) MEGA 106

4) KILO 103

5) HECT 102

6) DEKA 101

7) BASE 100

8) DECI 10-1

9) CENTI 10-2

10) MILLI 10-3

11) MICRO 10-6

12) NANO 10-9

13) PICO 10-12

V. Operations in Scientific notationV. Operations in Scientific notation A. Adding or subtracting- always makes A. Adding or subtracting- always makes

sure that both of the numbers have the sure that both of the numbers have the same exponents.same exponents.

B. Multiplying- Multiply the integers B. Multiplying- Multiply the integers together, then add the exponentstogether, then add the exponents

C Dividing- Divide the integers then C Dividing- Divide the integers then subtract the bottom exponent from the top.subtract the bottom exponent from the top.

VI. Certainties- measurements have a VI. Certainties- measurements have a degree of uncertainty- can't be degree of uncertainty- can't be avoidedavoided

A. Caused by external circumstancesA. Caused by external circumstances 1. The angle an object is read from- 1. The angle an object is read from-

ParallaxParallax a. Parallax is the apparent shift a. Parallax is the apparent shift

in position from the reference point. in position from the reference point.

B. Accuracy and precisionB. Accuracy and precision 1. Precision- the degree of exactness to 1. Precision- the degree of exactness to which the measurement of a quantity can be which the measurement of a quantity can be reproduce. Limit presented by the measuring reproduce. Limit presented by the measuring devicedevice a. Trial 1 = 3.00x10a. Trial 1 = 3.00x108 8 m/sm/s b. Trial 2 =3.02x10b. Trial 2 =3.02x1088m/sm/s c. Ave= 3.001x10c. Ave= 3.001x1088m/sm/s d. Reported 3.001x10d. Reported 3.001x1088 + .001m/s + .001m/s Precision was .001m/sPrecision was .001m/s 2. Accuracy- The limit to which the 2. Accuracy- The limit to which the measured value agrees to the standard value.measured value agrees to the standard value.

VII. Significant digits- the number of digits, VII. Significant digits- the number of digits, which are valid for any measurement.which are valid for any measurement.

A. Rules for sig figsA. Rules for sig figs 1. Nonzero digits are always significant1. Nonzero digits are always significant 2. All final zero after the decimal point are 2. All final zero after the decimal point are

significantsignificant 3. Zero between to significant figures are 3. Zero between to significant figures are

significantsignificant 4. Zeros used solely for the purpose of 4. Zeros used solely for the purpose of

spacing decimal point are not significant.spacing decimal point are not significant. B. The number in the problem can be no B. The number in the problem can be no

more precise than the least precise measurement. more precise than the least precise measurement.

• VIII. Displaying data.• A. Line graph- most often used graph to

record data• 1. Independent variable-This variable

does not change as a result to anything• a. Time-X-Axis• 2. Dependant Variable- this is a

variable, which responds to the values of the independent variable

• a. Distance- Y-axis

IX. Plotting points A. Identify the dependant and

independent variables 1. Independent is on the X-

axis 2. Dependant is on the Y-

axis

B. Determine the range of variables to be plotted.B. Determine the range of variables to be plotted.

C. Determine if the origin is needed.C. Determine if the origin is needed. D. Number and label the axisD. Number and label the axis E. Plot the pointsE. Plot the points F. Draw the best possible straight line or smooth F. Draw the best possible straight line or smooth

curve that passes through as many points as curve that passes through as many points as possible...it's not dot-to-dot.possible...it's not dot-to-dot.

G. Give the graph a title that clearly represents G. Give the graph a title that clearly represents the graph.the graph.

X. Linear, quadratic and inverse functions

A. Linear- a straight-line function

1. y=Mx+b

a. M= slope of the line or

1.m= Y2-Y1/ X2-X1

B. Quadratic relationships- Y= kX2

C. inverse relationships- Y=1/x or k=xy

XI. manipulation for unknowns- XI. manipulation for unknowns- X. Units-This will determine if the X. Units-This will determine if the

problem is done correctly when all problem is done correctly when all the units go away and you end up the units go away and you end up with the units it’s suppose to be.with the units it’s suppose to be.