Chapter 12 How Genes Work. Cooperative Activity 1. What do you know about DNA? 2. What do you want...
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Transcript of Chapter 12 How Genes Work. Cooperative Activity 1. What do you know about DNA? 2. What do you want...
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Chapter 12 How Genes Work
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Cooperative Activity
1. What do you know about DNA?
2. What do you want to know about DNA?
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DNA & Today
1988: DNA profiling was used in Britain, murder of 2 girls
1994: OJ Simpson murder trial
Crime showsCold Cases
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Review: What is DNA?
DNA stores our genetic information
Where is DNA found? Nucleus of cell
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What is a gene?
Section of DNA that codes for a trait
Where are genes found? Chromosomes
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What is a chromosome?
Bundles of DNA Where are chromosomes
found? Nucleus of cell
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What do these words have in common?
DNAChromosomesGenes
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IntroductionHumans are made up of:
20,000 – 30,000 genes
23 pairs of chromosomes
3 billion nitrogen bases
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Human Genome
Genetic map of the human body
Includes chromosomes and genes
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You inherit 2 copies of every gene one from mom & one from dad
Human Genome (cont.)
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Only 1% of your DNA codes for genes
Human Genome (cont.)
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Human Genome
(cont.)
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Why are genes important? Genes contain the
instructions to make proteins
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Structure of DNA
Made up of parts: nucleotides
Chemical building blocks
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Parts of a Nucleotide
Nitrogen-containing Base (A, T, C, G)
Sugar (Deoxyribose) Phosphate
Group
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Base Pairing
Adenine (A) & Thymine (T)Cytosine (C) & Guanine (G)
Hydrogen bonds hold bases together
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Base Pairing
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DNA – Basic Structure
Backbone: Alternating Sugar & Phosphate
Inside: Nitrogen BasesShape: Double Helix
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Structure of DNA
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Making Copies of DNA
Every time our body makes new cells, we need more DNA
This process is called: DNA Replication
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DNA Replication – Step 1
Helicase (enzyme) unwinds chains separates
nucleotides by breaking bonds
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2. DNA polymerase assembles new chains
Complementary to one another
DNA Replication – Step 2
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3. DNA ligase links the two sections
DNA Replication – Step 3
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Two identical strands of DNA (Two daughter DNA)
DNA Replication – End Result
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Reading the Genetic Code Genes have the instructions
to make proteinsOccurs in two steps
TranscriptionTranslation
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Review: Protein SynthesisQ: Which organelle helps
make proteins?Ans: Ribosomes
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Transcription Process of copying
genetic information from DNA to mRNA (messenger) Takes place in nucleus
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Why do we need mRNA?
Carries copied info from nucleus to ribosomes
DNA cannot leave the nucleus Protect the code
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Transcription Steps
RNA Polymerase1. Unwinds DNA double
helix2. Adds RNA nucleotides
to build mRNA chain
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Transcription Steps (cont.)
3. mRNA moves out of nucleus
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Transcription Animation
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Translation Process of assembling
amino acids into proteins on ribosomes
Order of amino acid determines protein
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Translation Steps
1.) 3 letter code on tRNA anticodon matches up with mRNA codon
tRNA (transfer)
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Translation Steps (cont)
2.) tRNA interprets the mRNA code sequence
3.) Code is read 3 letters at a time
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Translation Steps (cont)
4.) Amino acids bond together to form proteins
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MutationsA change in the copying of
the genetic messageCan occur during DNA
replication or transcriptionRare - occur in 1 out of 1
billion bases
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Factors that affect the rate of mutationsMutagens
Radiation / UV light
Chemicals
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Translating The Code
Example tRNA anticodon: AAA mRNA codon: UUU
UUU codes for amino acid phenylalanine
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Translation
tRNA
mRNA
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Translation
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Codon (mRNA) Table
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Venn Diagram: RNA & DNARNA ribonucleic
acid Structure
A – U (Uracil)C – G
Single stranded
DNA deoxyribo-
nucleic acid Structure
A – T C – G
Double stranded
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MCAS QuestionsWhich of the following statements best describeswhy the change in only one DNA base of thehemoglobin gene results in a different protein product of the gene?A. The change prevents mRNA from being made. B. The change alters the amino acid sequence of
the protein. C. The change causes the blood cells to divide in
an uncontrolled way. D. The change creates a second strand of mRNA
for each RNA molecule.
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MCAS QuestionsIn a eukaryotic cell, which of the following processes directly involves DNA?A. translation B. cellular respiration C. active transport of ionsD. replication of chromosomes
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In a molecule of double-stranded
DNA, the amount of adenine
present is always equal to the
amount of
A. cytosine. C. thymine.
B. guanine. D. uracil.
MCAS Questions
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MCAS QuestionsDuring DNA replication, the wrong nucleotide was inserted in the DNA sequence. Which of the following terms describes this situation? A. mutation C. transcriptionB. regeneration D. translation
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MCAS QuestionsA portion of one strand of a DNA moleculehas the sequence shown below.
ACCTGAAGGAssuming there are no mutations in thisportion of the DNA, what is the correspondingsequence on the complementary DNAstrand? A.ACCTGAAGG C.TGGACTTCC B.GTTCAGGAA D.UGGACUUCC
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MCAS QuestionsFireflies produce light inside their bodies. The enzyme luciferase is involved in the reaction that produces the light. Scientists have isolated the luciferase gene.
A scientist inserts the luciferase gene into the DNA of cells from another organism. If these cells produce light, the scientist knows that which of the following occurred?
A. The luciferase gene mutated inside the cells. B. The luciferase gene was transcribed and translated. C. The luciferase gene destroyed the original genes of the
cells. D. The luciferase gene moved from the nucleus to the
endoplasmic reticulum.
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MCAS QuestionsIndividuals with one form of lactoseintolerance do not produce the enzymelactase because the gene coding forthe production of lactase is shut off intheir cells. This means that which of thefollowing processes does not occur forthe gene?A. Hydrogenation C. replicationB.mutation D. transcription
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MCAS Questions
Which of the following statements best describes a DNA molecule?
A. It is a double helix.
B. It contains the sugar ribose.
C. It is composed of amino acids.
D. It contains the nitrogenous base uracil.