Chapter 12 and 13 Review Worksheet ANSWERS · PDF fileChapter 12 and 13 Review...
Transcript of Chapter 12 and 13 Review Worksheet ANSWERS · PDF fileChapter 12 and 13 Review...
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Chapter 12 and 13 Review Worksheet—ANSWERS OGT Section Page Person, Place, Date,
Term Description
12.3-
13.3
424,
449 Charles
Lindbergh
Made the first nonstop solo flight across the
Atlantic Ocean in his plane the Spirit of St. Louis.
He became a hero upon his return home, receiving
a ticker tap parade and a reception form the white
house. 12.1 412 Nativism Prejudice against foreign-born people 12.1 413 anarchists People who opposed any form of government 12.1 413 Bartolomeo
Vanzetti
An Italian immigrant who worked as a fish
peddler. Vanzetti was accused of killing two men
during a robbery and was sentenced to death.
Many people blamed nativism for his prosecution. 12.1 413 communism An economic and political system based on a
single-party government ruled by a dictatorship;
classless society; based on the writings of Karl
Marx. 12.1 413 Nicola Sacco An Italian immigrant who worked as a shoemaker.
Sacco was accused of killing two men during a
robbery and was sentenced to death. Many people
blamed nativism for his prosecution. 12.1 413 Palmer Raids U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, his
assistant (J. Edgar Hoover), and their agents
hunted down suspected Communists, socialists,
and anarchists. In doing the raids—people’s
civil rights were trampled by invading private
homes and offices as well as jailing suspects
without legal counsel. The raids turned up no
conspiracy evidence nor any explosives 12.1 413 Red Scare (First
Red Scare) A scare that occurred in the U.S. that began in
1919 after several dozen bombs were mailed to
government and business leaders. The scare
was based on the fear that communist
revolutionaries in the U.S. were attempting to
overthrow the government. Communists,
2
because of their red flag, were nicknamed the
―Reds‖ 12.1 413 Sacco and
Vanzetti Two Italian immigrants accused of a robbery
and the killing of two men, a factory paymaster
and his guard, during robbery in South
Braintree, Massachusetts. Witnesses said they
saw the criminals who appeared to be Italian.
The two men asserted their innocence and had
alibis. The evidence against them was
circumstantial. Many thought they never
received a fair trial due to the prejudices that
existed in the U.S.—the judge even made
prejudice remarks. The men were found guilty
and sentenced to death—they died in the
electric chair on August 23, 1927. 12.1 413 The trial of
Sacco and
Vanzetti came
to symbolize
Mistrust for immigrants and radicals—fell right
into the hands of nativists.
12.1 413 Why did
Attorney
General A.
Mitchell Palmer
launch a series
of raids against
suspected
Communists?
He believed that a Communist revolution was
imminent in the United States, and he needed
an issue on which to campaign for the 1920
Democratic presidential nomination.
12.1 414 “Keep America
for Americans”
The slogan that many nativists used in their efforts
for anti-immigration legislation. 12.1 414 According to
Vanzetti, what
were the
reasons for his
imprisonment?
Because he was a political radical and a
foreigner:
“In all my life I have never stole, never
killed, never spilled blood . . . . We were
tried during a time . . . when there was
hysteria of resentment and hate against the
people of our principles, against the
foreigner. . . . I am suffering because I am
a radical and indeed I am a radical; I have
3
suffered because I was an Italian and
indeed I am Italian. . . . If you could
execute me two times, and if I could be
reborn two other times, I would live again
to do what I have done already.” 12.1 415 Bigot A person who is intolerant of any creed, race,
religion, or political belief that differs from his
own. 12.1 415 Election of
1924,
Democrats
divided over
what two
issues?
Ku Klux Klan and Prohibition
12.1 415 Emergency
Quota Act Legislation that severely cut the number of
immigrants admitted to the United States—
number was based on the quota system. The
law also prohibited Japanese immigration. 12.1 415 Explain the
reasons for and
the outcome of
the Emergency
Quota Act and
the National
Origins Act.
During and after World War I, a feeling against
immigrants existed. As a result, Congress passed
the Emergency Quota Act in 1921. This act
severely cut the number of people admitted to the
United States by limiting the total number of
people admitted in any national group to only 3
percent of the total number already living in the
United States in 1910. In 1924, the National
Origins Act made restriction a permanent policy
and further restricted immigration by setting the
quota at 2 percent of those living in the country in
1890. It also provided that after 1927 only 150,
000 immigrants would be admitted annually, their
nationalities apportioned on the basis of the 1920
census. This meant that most immigrants would
be form northern and western Europe. The
intention of the National Origins Act was clearly
to discriminate against certain nationalities and
races. 12.1 415 Ku Klux Klan Secret society opposed to African Americans,
4
Jews, Catholics, and ―foreign ideas.‖ The KKK
gained new momentum during the 1920s as
they reached 4.5 million ―white male person,
native-born gentile citizens.‖ The Klan
dominated state politics in many states but the
organizations criminal activity eventually led a
decrease in their power. Birth of a Nation was
the first movie—it was about the KKK and
portrayed them as heroes which caused
membership to go up. 12.1 415 National
Origins Act
Law that made immigration restriction a
permanent policy; Made the emergency quota act
permanent and set a new maximum number—2
percent of the number of its nationals living in the
United States in 1890. This discriminated against
people from eastern and southern Europe since
they did not come to the U.S. in large numbers
until after 1890. 12.1 415 quota system System established the maximum number of
people who could enter the United States from
each foreign country—the number was based
on the percentage of current Americans from
that particular country. The goal of the quota
system was to cut the number of immigrants
entering the United States. 12.1 415 What was the
quota system of
the 1920s?
Explain why it
was established,
who it affected,
and several
results of the
policy.
The quota system was established to limit the
number of immigrants that were allowed to enter
the United States per year. It was established to
limit the number of immigrants that were allowed
to enter the United States per year. It was
established because of pressure from nativists and
because the number of U.S. immigrants rose by
600 percent in 3 years. The policy mostly affected
immigrants from eastern and southern Europe,
particularly Roman Catholics and Jews. It did not
affect Canadian and Mexican immigration. As a
result of the quota system, immigration from
restricted countries fell dramatically. Japanese
5
immigrants were also restricted by the quota
system, adding further stress to the relationship
between the United States and Japan. 12.1 415 What were the
main goals of
the Ku Klux
Klan at this
time?
To keep America under the control of white
native-born males; to get rid of other groups,
including Roman Catholics, Jews, and foreign-
born people, and radicals; to oppose union
organizers; to help enforce prohibition. 12.1 415 Why did the Ku
Klux Klan
flourish in the
1920s? What
does this tell
you about
people’s
behavior in
troublesome
times?
In the 1920s, many American were frightened of
radical political thought or of anything that might
change their way of life. They resented
immigrants for making employment more difficult
for native-born Americans. The Russian
revolution made many Americans nervous. Many
people resented the advances organized labor had
made and saw unions as benefiting only
immigrant groups and the urban working poor.
The fact that the Ku Klux Klan flourished
indicates that people seek someone to blame for
situations that make them feel insecure. When
seeking a scapegoat, the easiest victim is one who
is different in some way from the dormant group.
Fear can result in serious intolerance, and the
fearful will grasp at anything that makes them feel
safer. 12.1 417 Compare the
results of the
Boston Police
Strike and the
Steel Strike of
1919.
Neither strike was successful: The police lost
their jobs, and the steel workers won nothing.
12.1 417
—
N/A
Seattle General
Strike
Seattle shipyard workers wanted higher wages and
shorter hours. When demands were not met,
35,000 shipyard workers walked off the docks and
were soon joined by 110 other local unions
making a grand total of some 60,000 workers.
The strike ended, because of public pressure, after
five days with the workers not winning any of
6
their demands. 12.1 417
—
N/A
Technological
Unemployment
Job loss when occupations become obsolete
because of technological advancements that allow
for less workers or actual machines doing the
job(s) that humans once performed. 12.1 417 The 1919
Boston Police
Strike
The Boston Police Department (BPD) wanted
pay raises (had not received one since prior to
WWI), wanted more vacation days, and city-
provided uniforms. The BPD was not
permitted to unionize but when several officers
were fired when they asked the city for these
things—1,117 BPD officers unionized and went
on strike. Massachusetts governor Calvin
Coolidge intervened to quash further chaos by
sending in the National Guard. Coolidge
announced that the police did not have the
right to strike against the public safety—
―There is no right to strike against the public
safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime.‖ The
strike was broken but Coolidge hired entirely-
new replacement police officers—many of
whom were returning servicemen from World
War I –and the former officers were refused re-
entry into the department. Ironically, the new
officers hired in the wake of the strike received
higher salaries, more vacation days, and city-
provided uniforms -- the very demands the
original strikers were requesting. The BPD
strike set a precedent for further movements to
stymie police unionization around the country.
Coolidge's intervention in the strike brought
him national fame which, in turn, led to his
nomination as Harding's running mate for
Vice-President in the 1920 presidential election. 12.1 417 The Steel Strike
of 1919 (The
Steel Mill
Strike)
Workers in the steel mills wanted shorter hours
and better wages as well as their union
recognized. In September 1919, the U.S. Steel
Corporation refused to meet with union
7
representatives and over 300,000 workers went
on strike in response. The steel company hired
strikebreakers (or scabs as they were called) to
replace the workers and they used force to get
them in. Strikers were beaten by police, federal
troops, and the National Guard when they
attempted to stop the strikebreakers. The
company then publicly (although not true)
linked the union with communists which
further eroded the standing of the union in the
public eye. President Wilson finally made a
plea to the combative negotiators and the strike
ended in January 1920. The steel company
increased wages but workers remain without a
union.
Impact:
Almost no union organizing in the steel
industry occurred in the next 15 years.
Advances in technology, such as the
development of the widestrip continuous
sheet mill, made most of the skilled jobs in
steelmaking obsolete (technological
unemployment).
When the AA considered calling a
national strike in 1929 to demand that the
new technology be rejected, nearly every
AA affiliate returned its charter to the
international rather than obey the strike
order. 12.1 417 Why did
Congress make
changes in
immigration
laws during the
1920s?
The number of immigrants increased sharply, and
many Americans did not want people from foreign
countries entering the nation, since some of them
were anarchists and socialists and some were
believed to be Communists.
12.1 418
—
N/A
Capper-
Volstead Act
Legislation that made farm cooperatives free of
antitrust laws
12.1 418 Explain the The average income of farmers was less than one-
8
problems of
farmers during
the 1920s and
the response of
the federal
government to
these problems.
third of the average income for the rest of the
country. Technological advances led to an
increase in production which caused a decreased
in farm prices even while farmers’ costs increased.
With the United States switching from a debtor to
a creditor nation, the foreign market for
agricultural products dwindled. The domestic
market also diminished as the use of new fabrics
lessened the demand for cotton. Many farmers
had borrowed heavily to buy more land, and the
only way to pay off the debt was to raise more
crops. More crops, however, resulted in untellable
surpluses which in turn led to low prices and a
heavier debt load. Some legislation was passed
that favored farmers, but none of the laws dealt
with the major problem of surpluses that could not
be sold. A bill that would have allowed the
federal government to buy crop surpluses and sell
them abroad passed Congress twice, but was
vetoed both times by President Coolidge. 12.1 418 Farm Bloc Congressional organization formed to help
farmers 12.1 418 Farmers They did not enjoy the same prosperity that
everyone else enjoyed in the 1920s. The major
problem was surplus. During the war, most
farmers had increased their production for the war
demand since they were providing America and
the Allied Powers with their food needs. After the
war, most countries started producing their own
food or could not afford to buy from the U.S.
anymore. Yet farmers continued production at the
same rate which resulted in a huge surplus which
drove down demand and prices. 12.1 418 John L. Lewis Lewis always fought for workers rights. When he
became the head of the United Mine Workers of
America he led a strike for higher wages and
shorter work days. When a court order ended the
strike, Lewis called the strike over but secretly
9
urged the workers to remain on strike. After an
arbitrator ended the strike and the workers got
their pay raise, Lewis became a national hero. His
greatest accomplishment was organizing the
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) for
workers in mass-production industries
(automobiles, rubber, etc.) which would later
combine with the AFL to form the largest union. 12.1 418 McNary-
Haugen Bill
Proposed that the government have price-supports
12.1 418 Price-supports Government would buy surplus crops at
guaranteed prices and sell them on the with
world market 12.1 418 Union
membership and
power declined
in the 1920s
(membership
dropped from 5
million to 3.5
million). Why?
When employers are providing workers with
fair—welfare capitalism. Also:
much of the work force consisted of
immigrants willing to work in poor
conditions,
since immigrants spoke a multitude of
languages, unions had difficulty organizing
them
farmers who had migrated to cities to find
factory jobs were used to relying on
themselves
most unions excluded African Americans 12.1 418 United Mine
Workers Strike
(Coal Miners’
Strike)
In 1919, the United Mine Workers of
America—since 1890—appointed John L.
Lewis as their new leader. Under Lewis’s
leadership, mine workers went on strike
demanding higher wages and shorter
workdays. Attorney General Palmer got a
court order sending the miners back to work
(not having coal endangered U.S. economy).
Lewis said it was over but secretly urged the
strike to continue. After court order, miners
stayed on strike for another month until
President Wilson appointed an arbitrator to
put an end to it. The miners got a pay increase
10
and John L. Lewis became a national labor
hero. 12.1 418
—
N/A
Welfare
capitalism
System in which an employer provides stock,
profit-sharing, and benefits such as medical
insurance to employees 12.2 419 ―a return to
normalcy‖
Harding’s oft-used campaign slogan that seemed
to express what Americans wanted 12.2 419 Charles Evans
Hughes The Secretary of State who led the Washington
Conference—a conference of major world
powers that attempted to look at some post-
WWI problems: arms control, war debts, ad
reconstruction of war-torn countries. 12.2 419 Five-Power
Treaty
US, Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy agreed
to freeze their navies at 1921 levels along w/
several other provisions 12.2 419 Four-Power
Treaty
US, Great Britain, France, and Japan agreed to
respect one another’s Pacific holdings. 12.2 419 Nine-Power
Treaty
Put the Open Door policy into the form of a treaty,
US, Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, Belgium,
China, the Netherlands, and Portugal agreed to
preserve equal commercial rights in China and to
refrain from “taking advantage of conditions in
China to seek special rights or privilege.” 12.2 419 Warren G.
Harding
Republican candidate elected President in 1920
12.2 419 Washington
Conference
An eight nation conference in Washington, D.C.
conference of major world powers (except Russia
b/c they were Communist) that attempted to look
at some post-WWI problems: arms control, war
debts, ad reconstruction of war-torn countries. The
Four-Power, Five-Power, and Nine-Power Treaty
treaties were signed as a result. 12.2 420 Andrew Mellon One of Harding’s Cabinet members that did
good—Secretary of treasury between 1921 and
1932 that set out to set about drastically cutting
taxes and reducing the nation debt 12.2 420 Charles G.
Dawes
A U.S banker who negotiated the Dawes Plan.
11
12.2 420 Dawes Plan Germany was beginning to default on their
payments and printed more money to be able to
make their payments—this resulted in massive
inflation (citizens actually had to wheel in
bundles of money just to buy a loaf of bread).
An international committee headed by Charles
Dawes (American Banker) came up with a
plan—the Dawes Plan:
1. Provide a $2.5 billion loan from American
banks to stabilize German currency
2. Set up more realistic schedule for
reparations payments
In the end, the U.S. arranged to be repaid with
its own money. 12.2 420 Fordney-
McCumber
Tariff
Adopted by the U.S. in 1922, it raised taxes on
U.S. imports to 60 percent00the highest level ever.
The tariff was put in place because
As a result of the war, Americans had two
main concerns. First, they wanted to
ensure economic self-sufficiency so that no
future enemy could manipulate the
American economy. Second, many
industries wanted to preserve the benefits
of the increased wartime demand. These
special interests feared European
competitors attempting economic recovery
through increasing exports to America. 12.2 420 Kellogg-Briand
Pact
Treaty that attempted to outlaw war—signed by
fifteen countries. It was futile since it provided no
means of enforcing. 12.2 420 Ohio gang Harding’s poker-playing crony friends who were
mostly from Ohio. Harding appointed many of
them to positions in his administration. The Ohio
gang was plagued by scandal as they sought to use
their connections to the president to enrich
themselves at the public’s expense. 12.2 420 What do
Harding’s
That although he made some good appointments,
his appointment of cronies from his home state
12
appointments
indicate about
his judgment?
showed poor judgment.
12.2 420 What were the
reasons
European
countries were
not paying their
war debt?
Their economies had been weakened in the war;
they were unable to raise money because U.S.
exports were limited by high tariffs; Germany
failed to pay them expected reparations.
12.2 421 Albert B. Fall Harding’s secretary of the interior who went to
jail for fraud—Teapot Dome Scandal 12.2 421 Charles R.
Forbes
Was the head of the Veterans Bureau and was
caught illegally selling government and hospital
supplies to private companies. During his trial,
Forbes attempted to implicate Treasury Secretary
Andrew Mellon in his actions, however Mellon's
well-known standards of ethics trumped Forbes
claim when he failed to produce any evidence to
back his claims. 12.2 421 Colonel
Thomas W.
Miller
Was the head of Alien Property and was caught
taking bribes. He served 18 months in prison. He
was paroled in 1929 and pardoned by United
States President Herbert Hoover in 1933. 12.2 421 How did the
scandals of the
Harding
administration
hurt the country
economically?
The government lost revenue when veterans’
hospital overcharged it; in the Teapot Dome
scandal, public oil reserves were leaded for private
gain.
12.2 421 Teapot Dome
Scandal Albert B. Fall, secretary of the interior, secretly
leased oil lands to private companies. In
return, he received bribes totaling more than
$400,000. One of the locations was Teapot
Dome, Wyoming. 12.2 421 Warren G.
Harding’s
presidency was
plagued by
Haring promised the American people a “return to
normalcy” after World War I. This appealed to a
public that was trying to recover form a war that
had drastically changed American life. One of
13
scandal, and it
was later
regarded as
unsuccessful.
Explain why
President
Harding was
popular with the
American
public despite
these facts.
Harding’s first priorities as president was working
with other world powers to agree on peace. Of
course, the idea of peace very much appealed to
post-war Americans. Also, Harding “looked like”
a president, and the American people saw him as a
“good-natured” man. He died just as the scandals
of his administration were coming to light,
possibly saving him from public ridicule.
12.3 422 Henry Ford Business leader who used the assembly line means
of production for automobiles. 12.3 423
—
N/A
“Tin Lizzie” Henry Ford’s Model T automobile
12.3 423
—
N/A
Assembly Line Method of manufacturing in which production is
divided into simple tasks; made popular and
refined by Henry Ford (considered his greatest
achievement) 12.3 423
—
N/A
Assess the
effects of the
automobile on
life in the
United States.
Ford’s use of mass production and low prices
produced a mass market for automobiles. The
automobile stimulated some small businesses such
as garages, gas stations, diners, and tourist homes.
Tractors replaced draft animals on farms and rural
areas were no longer isolated. Workers could
commute to their jobs and people, in general,
became more mobile. 12.3 423 Route 66 U.S. Route 66, (also known as Route 66, The
Main Street of America, The Mother Road and the
Will Rogers Highway) was a highway in the U.S.
Highway system. One of the original federal
routes, US 66 was established on October 11th,
1926, though signs did not go up until the
following year. It originally ran from Chicago,
Illinois through Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma,
Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California
before ending at Los Angeles for a total of 2,448
miles.
14
12.3 423 What was the
impact of the
automobile?
Roads were paved, and shopping centers and other
services for cars were built; people commuted to
work, and urban sprawl developed; regional
differences diminished. 12.3 424 Amelia Earhart Amelia Earhart is the first woman to fly solo
across the Atlantic. 12.3 424 How did the
widespread use
of the
automobile
affect the
environment
and the lives of
Americans?
It changed the American landscape through the
construction of paved roads. It liberated the
isolated rural family, and it allowed workers to
live miles from their jobs.
12.3 424 Spirit of St.
Louis
Small plane that Charles Lindbergh used to fly
nonstop across the Atlantic 12.3 424 Urban sprawl The unplanned and uncontrolled spreading of
cities into surrounding regions 12.3 425
—
N/A
Advertisers
talked less
about the facts
of a product and
appealed more
to the _____ of
consumers?
Appealed to their desires, used psychological
advertising—i.e.: one Listerine ad aimed to
convince women readers who have difficult
time finding a husband with bad breath.
12.3 425 How did the use
of electricity
affect
Americans’
lifestyle?
It transformed the nation. Factories used
electricity to run their machines. Electricity could
now be transmitted to the countryside. Well-to-do
families had electric refrigeration, cooking ranges,
and toasters, vacuums, electric irons, fans, etc.). 12.3 425 What were three
main
components that
drove the
consumerism
during the
1920s?
Excess money (rationing and lack of products
during the war), new products, and installment
plans.
12.3 425 Why were Ads made people think they need certain products.
15
advertisements
so successful in
the 1920s? DO
they serve the
same purpose
today? Explain
your answer.
They used psychological techniques to appeal to
people’s vanities and fears. There were many new
products, and they were marketed in clever ways.
People were tired of the deprivation they had
faced during the war and were eager to indulge
themselves. Ads today are still used to entice
people to buy new products by appealing to their
vanities and fears. They still tempt to create a
sense of need for products that are in many cases,
unnecessary. 12.3 426 Installment plan Allowed consumers to buy goods over an
extended period of time—allowed consumers to
pay a small amount of money down and then
pay the rest monthly (credit) led to increase in
consumption (do not have to pay at time of
purchase).
12.3 427 How do you
think the
changes in
spending will
affect the
economy?
The economy may falter when consumers are
unable to meet their credit obligations.
12.3 427 What were the
main advantage
and
disadvantage of
buying on
credit?
A: People could buy goods they could not
otherwise afford.
D: People could go far into debt without realizing.
13.1 434 Calvin
Coolidge
Vice President who took over after Harding’s
death. Known as Silent Cal, Coolidge’s stern,
reserved natured contrasted with Harding’s
outgoing personality. He was very much pro-
business and generally opposed laws designed to
help farmers or workers—he argued that such
legislation limited private initiative and harmed
the economy. 13.1 435 How did small- Small towns were bound by traditional morals and
16
town life and
city life differ?
close ties of family, friends, and religion. Cities
offered varied perspectives and options because of
their large, mixed population; cultural variety; and
greater tolerance of values and ideas. 13.1 436 Prohibition The era after the passage of the Eighteenth
Amendment which banned the manufacture,
sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. 13.1 436
—
N/A
Prohibition
Bureau
Agency established to enforce the law against the
selling of liquor
13.1 436 Speak-easies Illegal Saloons—so called because when inside,
one spoke quietly, or “easily” to avoid detection. 13.1 436 Volstead Act Established the Prohibition Bureau in the
Treasury Department. 13.1 436 What and who
was the driving
force behind
Prohibition?
Movement led predominately by women
(temperance movement) who believed alcohol led
to violence (domestic violence), unemployment
(firing for alcohol related issues), and economic
hardships (spending money on liquor—i.e.
Saloons allowing workers to have credit and then
cashing pay checks at end of week, workers had
already spent half their paychecks. 13.1 437 Al Capone An entrepreneur in the illegal business of
producing and providing alcohol during
prohibition. Became a very powerful man, not
only in the underworld but also in legitimate world
including politics. 13.1 437 Bootleggers People who illegally produced and/or transported
alcohol. Name comes from days when Georgia
was a colony and prohibited alcohol—people who
hide their flask in the bootleg. 13.1 437 How did
criminals take
advantage of
Prohibition?
Criminals broke the law by smuggling, as well as
by making alcohol and selling it for profit.
13.1 437
—
N/A
Moonshiners People who illegal produced alcohol in stills from
corn and potatoes; an illegal profession that still
exists today (mostly in Appalachian America). 13.1 437 Rumrunners/Shi Individuals who were hired to transport alcohol
17
nerunners from producers to saloons. 13.1 437
—
N/A
What led to the
start of
NASCAR?
Early race drivers were often involved in
bootlegging. Some accounts say that they all were.
That is how (at least most of them) afforded the
fastest and therefore most expensive machines--
with their excessive moonshine profits. They ran
moonshine down the twisty mountain roads to
people during alcohol prohibition. The runners
would modify their cars in order to create a faster,
more maneuverable vehicle to evade the police,
and came to love the fast paced driving. When the
U.S. alcohol prohibition was lifted in 1933, the
owners of these first "racecars" watched their
profitable businesses dry up. Since they had no
reason to use them for "runnin' shine" anymore
and found themselves with time on their hands and
lots of money, many wanted to race their cars for
pride and money. 13.1 437 Why do you
think the
Eighteenth
Amendment
failed to
eliminate
alcohol
consumption?
The consumption of alcohol was a tradition part of
many cultures; the government failed to provide
sufficient staff and resources to enforce the law;
the means of manufacturing, selling, and
transporting liquor were many and could easily be
concealed.
13.1 438 Aimee Semple
McPherson
A leading fundamentalist preacher who presented
a more sophisticated image/Hollywood-
showmanship to preach—she was especially well
known for healing the sick through prayer 13.1 438 American Civil
Liberties Union
(ACLU)
The ACLU offered to defend any teacher who
would challenge the Tennessee law that made it
a crime to teach evolution. The American Civil
Liberties Union (ACLU) is a major American
non-profit organization with headquarters in
New York City, whose stated mission is "to
defend and preserve the individual rights and
liberties guaranteed to every person in this
18
country by the Constitution and laws of the
United States". Lawsuits brought by the
ACLU have been influential in the evolution of
U.S. constitutional law. The ACLU provides
legal assistance in cases in which it considers
civil liberties to be at risk. 13.1 438 Billy Sunday A leading fundamentalist preacher—A baseball
layer turned preacher who staged emotional
meetings across the South—he was also very
much against alcohol consumption. 13.1 438 Fundamentalism A protestant movement that argued that
traditional Christian doctrine should be
accepted without question—every word of the
Bible should be regarded as literally true. 13.1 438 John T. Scopes John Thomas Scopes, a teacher in Dayton,
Tennessee at the age of 24, was charged on May
25, 1925 with violating Tennessee's Butler Act,
which prohibited the teaching of evolution in
Tennessee schools. He was in court in a case
known as the Scopes Trial. 13.1 438 Scopes Trial
(Monkey Trial) The case centered around John Scopes, a
science teacher, who was accused of violating a
Tennessee law. The law forbade the teaching of
Darwin’s theory of evolution (a belief that
higher forms of life developed from lower
forms of life). Scopes' involvement in the so-
called Monkey Trial came about after the
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
offered to defend any teacher who would
challenge the Tennessee law that made it a
crime to teach evolution. A group of
businessmen in Dayton, Tennessee, led by
engineer and geologist George Rappleyea, saw
this as an opportunity to get publicity for their
town and approached Scopes. Rappleyea
pointed out that while the Butler Act
prohibited the teaching of evolution, the state
required teachers to use the assigned textbook -
19
Hunter's Civic Biology (1914) - which included
a chapter on evolution. Rappleyea argued that
teachers were essentially required to break the
law. When asked about the test case Scopes was
initially reluctant to get involved, but after
some discussion he told the group gathered in
Robinson's Drugstore, "If you can prove that
I've taught evolution and that I can qualify as a
defendant, then I'll be willing to stand trial."
The famous trial pitted creationists who used
the Bible’s account of life’s origins against
those who believed in evolution. The trial
ended with Scopes having to pay a fine. In
addition, the law forbidding the teaching of
evolution remained in effect. 13.1 438 Summarize the
beliefs of
fundamentalism
.
Fundamentalist believed that all important
knowledge could be found in the Bible and that
what was in the Bible was true. They rejected
Darwin’s theory of evolution. 13.1 438 William
Jennings
Bryan
Bryan actively supported state laws banning
public schools from teaching evolution, and
several southern states passed such laws after
Bryan addressed them. His participation in the
highly publicized 1925 Scopes Trial served as a
capstone to his career. Bryan was asked by
William Bell Riley to represent as counsel the
World Christian Fundamentals Association at the
trial. 13.1 439 Clarence
Darrow Attorney whose penetrating questions made
William Jennings Bryan look foolish during the
Scopes trial 13.1 439 What was the
conflict between
fundamentalists
and those who
accepted
evolution?
Fundamentalists believed that God created the
world in six days, whereas evolutionists argued
that modern species developed form earlier forms
of life over millions of years.
13.1 440 Analyze the During the 1920s women expressed a greater
20
changes in
women’s lives
during the
1920s.
personal freedom. They sought financial
independence and began to seek jobs in business
rather than in traditional fields. Women continued
to earn considerable less than men for the same
work, and they continued to have difficulty
entering prestigious professions such as science
and law. Women continued to believe that their
roles were separate from men that they were to be
mothers and homemakers. With new technology,
the nature of being a homemaker changed. 13.2 440
—
N/A
Feminists Women rights activists
13.2 441 Double standard
(as it relates to
women in the
1920s)
Set of principles granting great sexual freedom to
men than to women
13.2 441 Flappers An emancipated young woman who embraced
the new fashions and attitude. These women
wore short skirts (more revealing clothing),
tended to wear their hair shorter, many
smoked, drank, danced, talked openly about
sex, and tended to use cosmetics as well as birth
control. 13.2 441 How was the
flapper like and
unlike women
of today?
Like: Flappers used clothing, hairstyles, and
behavior to claim a new freedom.
Unlike: Today’s women have more freedoms.
13.2 442 How did the
growth of
business and
industry affect
women?
Big business and industry produced timesaving
appliances that freed women from some household
chores, and business growth also created jobs for
millions of women, but most women were
confined to tradition jobs. 13.2 442 Margaret
Sanger
Women activist who fought for women to have the
right to birth control. She opened the first birth-
control clinic in the U.S. and founded the
American Birth Control League in 1921 as she
openly fought to allow for physicians to have the
right to give birth control to their patients.
21
13.2 443 How did the
lives of women
change during
the 1920s?
The changes in fashion were extreme and liberating, with
shorter skirts and shorter hair. In addition, dance styles
and relaxed attitudes toward casual dating allowed more
freedom for women. Women began to enter the work
force in increasing numbers, even though they worked in
support positions and did not earn salaries equal to those
of men. Even though women were still responsible for
managing the home, new time- and energy-saving devices
mad these tasks easier, freeing up time for work outside
the home. Also, many women chose not have children,
instead focusing on romantic relationships. 13.2 443 What changes
affected
families in the
1920s?
The birthrate dropped; household labor was
simplified by technology; children spent their days
in school; adolescent rebelliousness increased.
13.2 444 Flagpole Sitting A fad of the 1920s that began as a publicity
stunt to attract viewers to movie theaters. The
most famous flagpole sitter was ―Shipwreck‖
Kelly—he spent more than 145 days atop of
variety of flagpoles through the country in
1929. 13.2 445 Bobbed hair An extremely short haircut that freed women from
long tresses that had been fashionable for years 13.3 447 1
st Radio station KDKA in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania
13.3 447 How did
schools change
during the
1920s?
More students were able to attend school during
this prosperous time; schools had to adapt to
teaching students of new immigrant families;
schools offered a broad range of courses for
students to train for industrial jobs. 13.3 448 Andrew “Rube”
Foster
As successful pitcher and team manager, he made
his greatest contribution by founding the Negro
National League—earned the title “The Father of
Black Baseball.” 13.3 448 Babe Ruth Legendary slugger for the New York Yankees
who hit a record 60 homeruns in 1927. 13.3 448
—
N/A
Bobby Jones Famous and most popular golfer
13.3 448 Gertrude Ederie In 1926, at the age of 19, she became the first
woman to swim the English Channel.
22
13.3 448 Helen Wills Helen Willis dominated women’s tennis, winning
the singles title at the U.S. Open seven times and
the Wimbledon title eight times. 13.3 448
—
N/A
Red Grange Became one of the first modern day football stars.
He was a college star before going on to star for
the Chicago Bears. 13.3 448
—
N/A
What led to the
sports mania of
the 1920s?
New laws limiting working hours and increased
national productivity led to significant increases in
people’s leisure time and income.
13.3 448 Why did radio
become so
popular?
1. For the first time, Americans could hear
news as it happened.
2. Cheaper prices on radios and increased
consumerism led to a huge surge in radio
popularity and broadcasting.
3. Also contributing was an expanded
format (comedy, drama, sports, news,
etc.). 13.3 448
—
N/A
Why did sports
become an
important part
of society?
New laws limiting working hours and increased
national productivity led to significant increases in
people’s leisure time and income. People now had
time to play sports and the time/money to
attend/listen to sporting events. 13.3 450
—
N/A
Alfred Stieglitz Internationally renowned photographer
13.3 450
—
N/A
Charlie Chaplin One of the brightest silent movie stars of the
1920s
13.3 450 Eugene O-Neill Considered America’s finest playwright—his
plays forced Americans to reflect upon modern
isolation, confusion, and family conflict. 13.3 450 F. Scott
Fitzgerald
A famous American novelist who coined the term
“Jazz Age” to describe the 1920s—he revealed the
negative side of the period’s gaiety and freedom,
portraying wealthy and attractive people leading
imperiled lived in gilded surroundings. His two
most famous books were This Side of Paradise
and The Great Gatsby. 13.3 450 George A famous American concert music composer who
23
Gershwin merged tradition elements with American jazz,
thus creating anew sound that was identifiably
American. 13.3 450 Georgia
O’Keeffe
A famous painter of the 1920s who produced
intensely colored canvases that captured the
grandeur of America. 13.3 450 Jazz Singer First movie with sound and grossed over $2
million dollars (talkies=speaking movies). 13.3 450
—
N/A
Nickelodeons Movie theatres charging a nickel to see the show.
13.3 450 Sinclair Lewis A famous American writer who was the first
American to win a Nobel Prize in literature—he
ridiculed Americans for their conformity and
materialism. 13.3 450 Steam Boat
Willey
Walt Disney’s film which was the first animated
film with sound. 13.3 450 Talkies Movies with speaking dialogue—doubled movie
attendance 13.3 450 Why were
Americans so
delighted by
movies in the
1920s?
Movies provided excitement and romance
through a medium that was new and changing;
they offered adventure to people whose lives
were taken up mostly with earning a living.
13.3 451 Edna St.
Vincent Millay
An American poet who wrote poems celebrating
youth and a life of independence and freedom
from traditional constraints. 13.3 451 Ernest
Hemingway
Ernest Hemingway, wounded in World War I,
became the best-known expatriate author. In his
novels The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to
Arms, he criticized the glorification of war. He
also introduced a tough, simplified style of writing
that set a new literary standard, using sentences a
Time reporter compared to “round stones polished
by rain and wind.” 13.3 451 Why did some
writers reject
American
culture and
Many American writers found American culture
shallow and materialist; they believed society
lacked any unified ideas.
24
values? 13.4 452 How did
Harlem
Renaissance
create pride for
African
Americans?
Gave African Americans public role models to
look up to, gave an identity to the people and the
communities, allowed them to see white people
paying to see African Americans perform, etc.
13.4 453 Back to Africa
Movement Marcus Garvey’s movement to arrange for the
move of all African Americans to West Africa.
The movement was not very successful but it
inspired unity among African Americans and
signaled their frustration with their lack of
personal and economic freedom in the US. 13.4 453 How did the
influx of
African
Americans
change
Northern cities?
The movement of millions of African Americans
to Northern cities greatly increased their black
populations, and heightened racial tensions that
sometimes resulted in discrimination and violence.
13.4 453 James Weldon
Johnson
In the 1920s, Johnson straddled the worlds of
politics and art. He served as executive secretary
of the NAACP, spear- heading the fight against
lynching. In addition, he wrote well-known works,
such as God's Trombones, a series of sermon-like
poems, and Black Manhattan, a look at black
cultural life in New York during the Roaring
Twenties. 13.4 453 Marcus
Garvey
An immigrant from Jamaica believed that African
Americans should build a separate society. His
different, more radical message of black pride
aroused the hopes of many—he would later lead a
movement that advocated a return to Africa. 13.4 453 Universal Negro
Improvement
Association
(UNIA)
An organization founded by Marcus Garvey that
started the “Back to Africa” Movement
13.4 454 Claude McKay A novelist, poet, and Jamaican immigrant, was a
major figure whose militant views urged African
25
Americans to resist prejudice and discrimination.
His poems also expressed the pain of life in the
black ghettos and the strain of being black in a
world dominated by whites. 13.4 454 Harlem
Renaissance Outpouring of African American art,
literature, and music 13.4 454 Langston
Hughes
The most best-known poet of the Harlem
Renaissance. Many of Hughes's 1920s poems
described the difficult lives of working-class
African Americans. Some of his poems moved to
the tempo of jazz and the blues. 13.4 454 What approach
to race relations
did Marcus
Garvey
promote?
Garvey believed that African Americans should
build a separate society; he preached a message of
self pride and he promoted African American
businesses.
13.4 456
—
N/A
Blues Music that grew out of slave music and
religious spirituals; featured heartfelt lyrics
and altered or slurred notes that echoed the
mood of the lyrics. 13.4 456 Edward
Kennedy
―Duke‖
Ellington
A jazz pianist and composer who won renown as
one of America’s greatest composers.
13.4 456 In what ways
did writers of
the Harlem
Renaissance
celebrate a
“rebirth”?
They expressed their pride in African American
experience; they celebrated their heritage and
folklore.
13.4 456 Louis
Armstrong Louis Daniel Armstrong (also known by the
nickname Satchmo, for satchel-mouth and
Pops) was an American jazz musician.
Armstrong was a charismatic, innovative
performer whose musical skills and bright
personality transformed jazz from a rough
regional dance music into a popular art form.
One of the most famous jazz musicians of the
26
20th century, he first achieved fame as a
trumpeter in Joe ―King Oliver and his Creole
Jazz Band, but toward the end of his career he
was best known as a vocalist and was one of the
most influential jazz singers. 13.4 456 Paul Robeson Paul Robeson, the son of a one-time slave, became
a major dramatic actor. His performance in
Shakespeare's Othello, first in London and later in
New York City, was widely acclaimed.
Subsequently, Robeson struggled with the racism
he experienced in the United States and the
indignities inflicted upon him because of his
support of the Soviet Union and the Communist
Party. He took up residence abroad, living for a
time in England and the Soviet Union. 13.4 457 Besides literary
accomplishment
s, in what areas
did African
Americans
achieve
remarkable
results?
African Americans were outstanding in the
performing arts.
13.4 457 Consider the
Great Migration
and the Harlem
Renaissance and
their
consequences.
Describe the
effects that
these events had
on the country.
The Great Migration of African Americans to
northern urban areas often created racial tension,
which resulted in the formation of the UNIA and
the NAACP. These organizations worked to
insure that African Americans received fair
treatment and worked to eliminate lynching and
other threats to citizens. The Harlem Renaissance
gave many African Americans opportunities to
express themselves through music, drama,
literature, and other creative forms. This
movement gave voice to the African-American
experience of the time. 13.4 441,
445 Dance Fads Some popular dances were the fox trot, camel
walk, tango, Charleston, and shimmy with
abandon. The Charleston was an energetic
27
dance that involved wild, flailing movements of
the arms and legs, it demanded an appropriate
costume for the woman dancer—a short,
straight dress without a waistline. Another
craze was the dance marathon, a contest in
which couples would dance continuously for
days—taking a 15-minute break every hour—
with each alternately holding up the other as he
or she slept. Needless to say, dancers dropped
from exhaustion. 13.4 444,
457 Bessie Smith A female blues singer was perhaps the
outstanding vocalist of the decade. She
recorded on black-oriented labels produced by
the major record companies. She achieved
enormous popularity and in 1927 became the
highest-paid black artist in the world.