Chapter 12

Recovery and Recovery and Rebirth:Rebirth:

The Age of the The Age of the RenaissanceRenaissance

p. 340

*The Causes of the Renaissance* Because of the Crusades, and the new

trade routes, contact with more advanced civilizations

The Church, due to the scandals that occurred, lost much of its power

Due to trade, the middle class grew, and people began to accumulate vast sums of money..

Competition between wealthy people for status led to developments in education and art, Patronage

Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance Renaissance = Rebirth An essential element of the

Renaissance was the beginning of humanism, which glorified the culture of Ancient Greece and Rome.

Urban Society Emphasis on individual ability

The Making of Renaissance Society Economic Recovery

Italian cities lose economic supremacy Hanseatic League- economic and defensive

confederation of free towns in northern Germany

Manufacturing Textiles, Printing, Mining and Metallurgy

Banking Florence and the Medici

p. 343

Social Changes in the Renaissance The Nobility

Reconstruction of the Aristocracy Aristocracy: 2 – 3 percent of the population

Baldassare Castiglione (1478 – 1529) The Book of the Courtier (1528) it

describes the conduct of the perfect courtier, the qualities of a noble lady,

Peasants and Townspeople

Peasants Peasants: 85 – 90 percent of population Decline of manorial system and serfdom

Urban Society Patricians Petty politicians, shopkeepers, artisans, guild

masters, and guildsmen The Poor and Unemployed Slaves

Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy Arranged Marriages Father-husband head of family Wife managed household Childbirth Sexual Norms

p. 346

Italian States in the Renaissance

Five Major Powers Milan Venice Florence

The Medici The Papal States (Rome) Kingdom of Naples

The Role of Women France and Spain fight over the peninsula Modern diplomatic system

Map 12-1, p. 348

p. 349

Chronology, p. 351

Machiavelli and the New Statecraft Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 – 1527)

The Prince- is a handbook for rulers, he suggested that ruthless cunning is appropriate to the conduct of government Machiavellian has come to mean deceitful, unscrupulous, and manipulative.

Acquisition, maintenance and expansion of political power

p. 351

*The Four Aspects of Humanism*

Admiration and emulation of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.

Philosophy of enjoying this life, instead of just waiting for the next one.

The glorification of humans and the belief that individuals are can do anything.

The belief that humans deserved to be the center of attention

Italian Renaissance Humanism

Humanism based on Greco-Roman literature Petrarch (1304 – 1374) He strongly advocated the

continuity between Classical culture and the Christian messageCivic Humanism – Florence

Leonardo Bruni (1370 – 1444) first modern historian New Cicero (from this we get the word humanism)

Humanism and Philosophy Marsilio Ficino (1433 – 1499)

Translates Plato’s dialogues Synthesis of Christianity and Platonism

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463 – 1494) Oration on the Dignity of Man ("Manifesto of the

Renaissance".)

Education & The Impact of Printing Education in the Renaissance

Liberal Studies: history, moral philosophy, eloquence (rhetoric), letters (grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy and music

Education of Women Aim of Education was to create a complete citizen Francesco Guicciardini- best known for his history

of Italy, which covers the period from 1492 to 1532 The Impact of Printing

Johannes Gutenberg Movable type (1445 – 1450) Gutenberg’s Bible (1455 or 1456) The Spread of Printing

*Characteristics of Renaissance Art*

- Emulation of the Ancient Greeks and Romans. - Good use of depth in paintings. - Linear (further away = smaller) and atmospheric

(further away = hazier) perspective. - Paintings began to have more detailed backgrounds. - Not necessarily religious, more focus on earthly

themes and humans. - More realistic, geometrically precise and

mathematically accurate. - Subjects showing signs of more emotion. - Contraposto posture, in which the subject is shifting

his or her balance.

The Artistic Renaissance

Donato di Donatello (1386 – 1466) David

Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446) Church of San Lorenzo

Botticelli (1445-1510) Primavera and Birth of Venus

Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) Last Supper and Mona Lisa

Raphael (1483 – 1520) School of Athens

Michelangelo (1475 – 1564) The Sistine Chapel and The David

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The Northern Artistic Renaissance Jan van Eyck (c. 1380 – 1441)

Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride Albrecht Dürer (1471 – 1528)

Adoration of the Magi Music in the Renaissance

Guillaume Dufay

p. 365

p. 366

The European State in the Renaissance The Renaissance State in Western Europe

France Louis XI the Spider King (1461 – 1483) gains French territory

England War of the Roses (The House of Lancaster (red rose) verses the

House of York (white rose)) Henry VII Tudor (1485 – 1509) Henry Tudor, Duke of Richmond,

defeated the last Yorkish king, Richard III, and established the new Tudor dynasty

Abolished private armies of the aristocrats Established the Court of Star Chamber which did not use juries and

permitted torture to extract confessions Use diplomacy to avoid wars Kept taxes low Henry VII Stabilized England and raises her status

The European State in the Renaissance

Spain After the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula from the

Muslims, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon were married Unification of Castile and Aragón

They reorganized the military and created and built the best army in Europe by the 16th century

Religious uniformity The two “Most Catholic” monarchs had achieved absolute religious orthodoxy—to be Spanish was to be Catholic This would cause the

The Inquisition: Converts were effected they expelled all Jew and Muslims Conquest of Granada: They attack and expel all Muslims

from Spain and unify the country

Central and Eastern Central Europe: The Holy Roman Empire

Habsburg Dynasty Through marriages, the Hapsburgs gained international power

Maximilian I (1493 – 1519) Charles, Maximilian’s grandson, became heir to the Habsburg, Burgundian, and Spanish lines, making him the leading monarch of his age

The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe Poland- Different ethnic and religious groups could

not get along Hungary-Hungary became one of the most

significant countries in Europe under King Matthias Corvinus, Broke the power of the wealthy lords, Patronized the humanist culture and Brought Italian scholars and artists to his capital

Central and Eastern

Russia Since the 13th century, Russia had been under the domination of the Mongols Ivan III (1462-1505) was able to take advantage of

dissention within the Mongols to through off their yoke by 1480

Ottoman Empires

Eastern Europe was increasingly threatened by the Ottoman Empire

The Byzantine Empire had served as a buffer between the Muslim Middle East and the Latin West for centuries

The Empire was weakened by the sack of Constantinople in 1204 The threat of the Ottomans finally doomed the

Byzantine Empire Constantinople falls to the Turks (1453

Map 12-2, p. 367

Map 12-3, p. 368

Chronology, p. 370

The Church in the Renaissance

The Problem of Heresy and Reform John Hus (1374 – 1415)

Urged the elimination of worldliness and corruption of the clergy Burned at the stake (1415)

Church Councils The Papacy

The Renaissance Papacy Julius II (1503 – 1513)

“Warrior Pope” Nepotism Patrons of Culture

Leo X (1513 – 1521)

Chronology, p. 373

Timeline, p. 374